²ʲÑÒÎвÍÊÀ
Íàâèãàöèÿ:
²íôîðìàòèêà
²ñòîð³ÿ
Àâòîìàòèçàö³ÿ
Àäì³í³ñòðóâàííÿ
Àíòðîïîëîã³ÿ
Àðõ³òåêòóðà
Á³îëîã³ÿ
Áóä³âíèöòâî
Áóõãàëòåð³ÿ
³éñüêîâà íàóêà
Âèðîáíèöòâî
Ãåîãðàô³ÿ
Ãåîëîã³ÿ
Ãîñïîäàðñòâî
Äåìîãðàô³ÿ
Åêîëîã³ÿ
Åêîíîì³êà
Åëåêòðîí³êà
Åíåðãåòèêà
Æóðíàë³ñòèêà
ʳíåìàòîãðàô³ÿ
Êîìï'þòåðèçàö³ÿ
Êðåñëåííÿ
Êóë³íàð³ÿ
Êóëüòóðà
Êóëüòóðà
˳íãâ³ñòèêà
˳òåðàòóðà
Ëåêñèêîëîã³ÿ
Ëîã³êà
Ìàðêåòèíã
Ìàòåìàòèêà
Ìåäèöèíà
Ìåíåäæìåíò
Ìåòàëóðã³ÿ
Ìåòðîëîã³ÿ
Ìèñòåöòâî
Ìóçèêà
Íàóêîçíàâñòâî
Îñâ³òà
Îõîðîíà Ïðàö³
ϳäïðèºìíèöòâî
Ïåäàãîã³êà
Ïîë³ãðàô³ÿ
Ïðàâî
Ïðèëàäîáóäóâàííÿ
Ïðîãðàìóâàííÿ
Ïñèõîëîã³ÿ
Ðàä³îçâ'ÿçîê
Ðåë³ã³ÿ
Ðèòîðèêà
Ñîö³îëîã³ÿ
Ñïîðò
Ñòàíäàðòèçàö³ÿ
Ñòàòèñòèêà
Òåõíîëî㳿
Òîðã³âëÿ
Òðàíñïîðò
Ô³ç³îëîã³ÿ
Ô³çèêà
Ô³ëîñîô³ÿ
Ô³íàíñè
Ôàðìàêîëîã³ÿ


II. Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the Participle.

1. The questions on antibiotics use (to put) _________ to the professor were important.

2. Who is the student (to do) ____________________ the task on the blackboard?

3. The report on widespread use of antibiotics for non-medicinal purposes (to write) ______________ by him is very interesting.

4. The translation (to do) _______________ by me was easy.

5. Do you know the pharmacist (to come) _________________ towards us?

6. (To write) ________________ out all the new words, I started to learn them.

7. (To hear) _________ my friend’s voice, I stood up to open the door of the ward.

8. (To buy) ____________________ erythromycin, Helen left the chemist’s.

9. We study at the university (to found) ______________________ in 1945.

10. (To be) ________________________ ill, she couldn’t go to the library with us.

11. (To administer) _____________________ Amoxycillin, I asked my friend to buy it.

12. (To examine) ______________________ the patient, the therapist asked another person to come in.


 

Translation of different forms of the Participle into Ukrainian
Forms of the Participle Translation
discussing having discussed being discussed having been discussed discussed ùî îáãîâîðþºòüñÿ, îáãîâîðþþ÷è îáãîâîðèâøè ÿêèé îáãîâîðþþòü, ÿêèé îáãîâîðèëè ÿêèé îáãîâîðèëè, áóäó÷è îáãîâîðåíèì îáãîâîðåíèé

III. Translate into English using the required form of the Participle.

1. Ïðèçíà÷àþ÷è áóäü-ÿêèé àíòèá³îòèê, ë³êàð íå ìîæå ïåðåäáà÷èòè óñ³ ìîæëèâ³ íàñë³äêè.

2. Ïîñòàâèâøè ä³àãíîç ïíåâìîí³ÿ, òåðàïåâò ïðèçíà÷èâ õâîðîìó àìï³öèë³í, ùî â³äíîñèòüñÿ äî íàï³âñèíòåòè÷íèõ àíòèá³îòèê³â.

3. Àíòèá³îòèê, ÿêèé çàðàç ââîäÿòü âíóòð³øíüîâåííî, íàëåæèòü äî ãðóïè öåôàëîñïîðèí³â.

4. Ïåí³öèë³í, â³äêðèòèé ó 1928 ðîö³ Àëåêñàíäðîì Ôëåì³íãîì, âðÿòóâàâ ì³ëüéîíè æèòò³â.

5. Ïðèéìàþ÷è àíòèá³îòèêè, õâîðèé ïîâèíåí â³äìîâèòèñÿ â³ä ñïèðòíèõ íàïî¿â, ïðàâèëüíî õàð÷óâàòèñÿ òà äîòðèìóâàòèñÿ â³äïîâ³äíîãî ðåæèìó äíÿ.

6. Ïðîáëåìà, ÿêó çàðàç îáãîâîðþþòü, ñòîñóºòüñÿ òîãî, ÷è ìîæíà ñàìîñò³éíî ë³êóâàòèñÿ àíòèá³îòèêàìè.

7. Öåôàëåêñèí, ÿêèé ïðîÿâëÿº áàêòåðèöèäíó ä³þ â³äíîñíî òàêèõ ì³êðî îðãàí³çì³â, ÿê Streptococcusbeta-haemoliticus ãðóïè À, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella sp., Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis âèêîðèñòîâóþòü ïðè ë³êóâàíí³ ãí³éíî-çàïàëüíèõ ïðîöåñ³â ð³çíî¿ ëîêàë³çàö³¿.

8. Ùî òè çíàºø ïðî àíòèá³îòèêîãðàìó, ÿêà ïðîâîäèòüñÿ äëÿ òåñòóâàííÿ ÷óòëèâîñò³ ³íôåêö³éíîãî àãåíòà äî àíòèá³îòèêà?

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Lesson 3

Analgesics

Text:Analgesics

Grammar:The Objective and Subjective Participle Complexes

I. Active Vocabulary

 

to interfere relief opioid analgesic prostaglandin adjuvant to target fever to soothe arthritis to hinder to adhere neuropathic pain anticonvulsants ["Intq'fIq] [rI'lJf] ['qVpIOId "xnl'GJzIk] ["prPstq'glxndIn] ['xGVvqnt] ['tRgIt] ['fJvq] [sHD] [R'TraItIs] ['hIndq] [qd'hJq] [njV'rPpqTIk 'peIn] ["xntIkqn'vAlsqnts] ïåðåøêîäæàòè ïîëåãøåííÿ îï³éíèé àíàëüãåòèê ïðîñòàãëàíäèí àä’þâàíòíèé; äîïîì³æíèé ä³ÿòè, âïëèâàòè ãàðÿ÷êà çàñïîêîþâàòè, çìåíøóâàòè àðòðèò óòðóäíþâàòè, çàâàæàòè ïðèëÿãàòè, ïðèêëåþâàòèñÿ íåâðîïàòè÷íèé á³ëü ïðîòèñóäîìíèé ïðåïàðàò

 

II. Read the following text.

Analgesics

Analgesics are medications used to relieve pain without reducing the consciousness of the patient. They work by reducing the amount of pain felt and this is generally achieved by interfering with the way the pain message is transmitted by the nerves. Analgesics will not treat the cause of the pain but they will provide temporary relief from pain symptoms.

There are three main categories of analgesics. The first is the opioid analgesics which are prescription only medicines that are very potent, being chemically related to morphine. The second is the non-opioid analgesics. Non-opioid analgesics work by affecting the prostaglandin system, which is the system within the body responsible for producing pain. The last category is adjuvant analgesics, which are medicines typically used for purposes other than pain relief. This includes some antidepressants that may also help to relieve pain in specific circumstances.

Opioid pain relievers are used only for pain that is severe and is not helped by other types of painkillers. When used carefully and under a doctor’s direct care, these drugs can be effective at reducing pain. These drugs work by binding to receptors in the brain and blocking the feeling of pain. They work well for short-term pain relief. Almost always, a patient should limit their use to no more than 3 to 4 months. Opioid analgesics include:

· Codeine

· Fentanyl (Duragesic)

· Meperidine (Demerol)

· Morphine (MS Contin)

· Oxycodone (Oxycontin, Percocet, Percodan)

· Tramadol (Ultram)

· Hydrocodone (Vicodin)

· Hydromorphone

Non-opioid analgesics act peripherally and not centrally like opioids that depress the central nervous system and inhibit the brain ability to feel pain. Non-opioid analgesics target the chemical substances released by the brain in response to injury that facilitate the transmission of the pain stimuli to the brain. The most prevalent of these chemical mediators is prostaglandin. Non-opioid analgesics are effective because they serve to block the release of prostaglandin at the peripheral nerve sites. Non-opioid analgesics include:

· Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

· Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Acetaminophen is called a non-aspirin pain reliever. It can be used to lower a fever and soothe headaches and other common aches and pains. This medicine is easier on the stomach than other pain medications, and it is safer for children. Most doctors recommend acetaminophen first for arthritis pain because it has fewer side effects than other pain medications. NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, and ketoprofen block the pain impulse at the source of the pain. They work by hindering the body’s ability to biosynthesise prostaglandin by adhering to the cyclo-oxygenase (COX) that controls the amount of prostaglandin produced by the immune system. The special nerve endings that transmit the pain message are sensitised to prostaglandin so, by restricting its presence, the pain message is reduced. This weakens the physiological chemical process that results in the sensation of pain.

In patients with chronic or neuropathic pain, various other substances may have analgesic properties. Tricyclic antidepressants, especially amitriptyline have been shown to relieve pain. The exact mechanism of carbamazepine, gabapentin and pregabalin is unclear, but these anticonvulsants are used to treat neuropathic pain with differing degrees of success. Anticonvulsants are most commonly used for neuropathic pain as their mechanism of action tends to inhibit pain sensation.

 

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