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I. Complete these sentences using the passive voice
1. I didn't realise that … . 2. How do people learn languages? How … . 3. People advised us not to go out alone. … . 4. Somebody accused him of stealing money. He … . 5. Somebody is using the computer at the moment. The computer … . 6. They are building a new ring road round the city. … . 7. They cancelled all flights because of fog. All … . 8. They have built a new hospital near the airport. … . 9. They have postponed the concert. The … . 10. When we got to the stadium, we found that … .
II. Put the verbs in the correct voice and tense form
1. A new exhibition … (to organize) in this building. 2. According to one version the famous library … (to destroy) six centuries later. 3. All these ancient tools … (to mention) above. 4. Chekhov's plays … (to construct) in the same way as his stories. 5. His answer … (to appreciate) by everybody. 6. The above problem … (to investigate) by one of the scholars. 7. The most important archaeological collections … (to house) in museums. 8. The most important documents … (to sign) here. 9. These papers … (to read) in their original form at a conference. 10. This paper … (to publish) first in another edition. III. Put the verb in the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or passive
1. It is a big factory. Five hundred people … (to employ) there. 2. I was born in London but I … (to grow) up in the north of England. 3. I saw an accident last night. Somebody … (to call) an ambulance but nobody … (to injure) so the ambulance … (not/need). 4. Most of the Earth's surface … (to cover) by water. 5. Ron's parents … (to die) when he was very young. He and his sister … (to bring) up by their grandparents. 6. The boat … (to sink) quickly but fortunately everybody … (to rescue). 7. The company is not independent. It … (to own) by a much larger company. 8. Water … (to cover) most of the Earth's surface. 9. While I was on holiday, my camera … (to disappear) from my hotel room. 10. While I was on holiday, my camera … (to steal) from my hotel room.
IV. Translate the following sentences into English using the Passive Voice
1. Були використані такі приклади. 2. За кінними поліцейськими йшла велика юрба. 3. Його попросили почекати. 4. Йому самому запропонували цю роботу. 5. Мені показали нові фотографії. 6. На відвідувачів дивилися з великим інтересом. 7. Оліверу наказали підійти до столу і сісти. 8. Про нове відкриття багато говорили.
V. Complete the sentences using can, could, might, must, should, would in the proper form + the verb in brackets
1. I am not sure where she is now, she … (to go) to the bank. 2. I had to work that evening, so I … (to go) to the party. 3. I haven’t seen Bill for ages so I … (to recognize) him if I saw him now. 4. I haven't seen our neighbours for ages, they … (to go) away. 5. I posted the letter to Mary this morning, she … (to receive) it tomorrow. 6. It is not raining at the moment but it … (to rain) later. 7. There was a loud explosion a few minutes ago. You … (to hear) it. 8. You have not had lunch yet, you … (to be) hungry already. 9. You … (to see) me there as I stayed at home. 10. We lost our way, as we went the wrong way, we … (to turn) left.
VI. Make up sentences from the words in brackets 1. Ann was standing outside the cinema. (she must/wait/for somebody) 2. He was in prison at the time that the crime was committed, so (he couldn't/do/it). 3. I am surprised nobody told you that the road was very dangerous. (you should/warn) 4. Do you know what your sister is doing? I am not sure. (she may/watch/television) 5. Don't call up Ann now. (she might/have/lunch) 6. I have worked too much. Now I feel tired. (I shouldn't/work/so much) 7. I wonder why Tom didn't call on us on Sunday. (he must/forget) 8. They have signed the contract. (it/can't/change/now) 9. Why did you come to the office so early? (you needn't/come/to the office/so early) 10. Why didn't you ask me to help you? (I would/help/you) 11. Why weren't you here earlier? (you ought/be/here earlier)
VII. Make up sentences from the words given below
1. are; by; crime; from; have; in; individuals; ordinarily; practice; prosecutions; such; suffered; the; the; undertaken; who. 2. all; criminal; in; in; is; king; Kingdom; offences; prosecutor; the; the; the; United. 3. agencies; and; co-operates; Crown; investigating; jurisdictions; of; other; prosecuting; Prosecution; Service; the; the; with. 4. agency; an; Crown; Home; is; of; Office; Prosecution; Service; the; the. 5. Crown; Director; head; is; of; of; Prosecution; Prosecutions; Public; Service; the; the; the. 6. constitutional; Crown; fundamental; importance; independence; is; of; of; Prosecutors; the. 7. and; charge; crimes; investigate; people; police; the. 8. based; Code; Crown; decision; for; in; is; on; out; Prosecutors; prosecutor's; set; tests; the; the; the; two. 9. ambiguity; arises; criminal; discretion; law; of; of; out; the; the; this. 10. an; decide; factor; important; interest; is; lies; prosecutors; public; the; this; when; where.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
Unit 1 To be
There is, there are
When a noun representing an indefinite person or thing is the subject of the verb be a there + be + noun construction is normally used.
To have
Nouns 1. The plural of a noun is usually made by adding -sto the singular. seat – seats,ship – ships,train – trains,plane – planes
2. Nouns ending in -o, -ch, -sh, -ss, -xoften form their plural by ending -es. hero – heroes,watch – watches,dress – dresses,potato – potatoes,bush – bushes,box – boxes
But words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in -o add -s only. auto – autos,kimono – kimonos,piano – pianos,memo – memos,kilo – kilos,photo – photos,soprano – sopranos,radio –radios,zoo – zoos,video – videos,solo – solos
3. Nouns ending in -yfollowing a consonant form their plural by dropping the -y and adding -ies. city – cities,baby – babies,country – countries,lady – ladies
Nouns ending in -y following a vowel form their plural by adding -s: boy – boys, day – days, donkey – donkeys
4. Twelve nouns ending in -for -fe drop the -for -fe and add -ves:calf, half, knife, leaf, loaf, life, self, sheaf, shelf, thief, wife, wolf. half – halves,life – lives,self – selves,wife – wives
The nouns loaf, scarf and wharf take either -sor -vesin the plural. loafs or loaves,scarf or scarves,wharfor wharves
Other words ending in -f or -feadd -sin the ordinary way. belief – beliefs, chief – chiefs, cliff – cliffs, roof – roofs
5. A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change. foot – feet, louse – lice, mouse – mice, woman – women, ox – oxen, goose – geese, man – men, tooth – teeth, child – children
6. Names of certain creatures do not change in the plural: deer, sheep, fish (fish is usually unchanged, fishes exists but is unknown).
7. Collective nouns, crew, family, team etc. can take a singular or plural verb: a) singular if we consider the word to mean a single group or unit. Our team is the best.
b) plural if we take it to mean a number of individuals. Our team are wearing their new jerseys.
8. Certain words are always plural and take a plural verb. clothes, police, pyjamas, trousers, binoculars, scales, scissors, spectacles, etc.
9. Words plural in form but singular in meaning include news: The news is good. certain diseases: mumps, rickets, shingles and certain games: billiards, darts, draughts, bowls, dominoes Possessive Case
The possessive case is formed by means of a) ‘s with singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in -s a man’sjob, the butcher’sshop, a child’svoice men’swork,women’sclothes,the children’sroom
b) ‘(apostrophe) with plural nouns ending in -s a girls’ school, the students’ hostel, the Smiths’ car
The possessive case is chiefly used of a) people, countries, animals, ships, boats, in time expressions, in expressions of money + worth, with for + noun + sake, etc. the ship’s bell, a week’s holiday, today’s paper, ten dollars’ worth of books, one pound’s worth of stamps, for heaven’s sake, a stone’s throw, journey’s end b) planes, trains, cars and other vehicles though here the of construction is safer the train’s heating system or the heating system ofthe train
Unit 2
Adjective There are three degrees of comparison of adjectives: Positive, Comparative, Superlative.
1. One syllable adjectives and adjectives of two syllables ending in -er, -y, -ly, -ow form their comparative and superlative by adding -er and -est to the positive form. new – newer – the newest,clever – cleverer – the cleverest,hot – hotter – the hottest,heavy –heavier – the heaviest,bright – brighter – the brightest,silly – sillier– the silliest,brave – braver – the bravest,narrow –narrower – the narrowest
2. All the other two syllable adjectives and adjectives of three or more syllables form their comparative and superlative by putting more and most before the positive. modern – more modern – the most modern different – more different – the most different enjoyable – more enjoyable – the most enjoyable
3. Irregular comparisons good – better – the best, bad – worse – the worst, many/much – more – the most, little – less – the least, far – farther – the farthest, old – older – the oldest, far – further – the furthest, old – elder – the eldest Verb
Transitive verbs (verbs that take a direct object) may have four forms of the Infinitive in the Active Voice: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous.
There are as many groups of tenses in the English language as there are infinitives. In the Active Voice there are four tense groups: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect andPerfect Continuous. Each of them has such tenses as Present, Past, Future and Future-in-the Past. Tenses
Unit 3 Almost all English verbs have four forms: Infinitive, Past Indefinite, Past Participle and Present Participle. All the verbs in the English language are divided into two groups: regular and irregular. If the verb is regular its second and third forms are formed by means of ending -ed. The forms of irregular verbs can be found in the table of irregular verbs.
Indefinite Tenses Formation
1. The affirmative form of the Present Indefinite coincides with the form of the Indefinite Infinitive without the particleto. The only exception is the third person singular in which the ending -s is added to the infinitive. To form the third person singular verbs ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x and -o add -es, instead of -s alone. I dress – she dresses; I box – he boxes; I wash – he washes; I do – he does; I watch – he watches; I go – he goes
Verbs ending in -yfollowing a consonant form the third person singular by dropping the -yand adding -ies. I carry – he carries;I copy – he copies;I try – he tries
Verbs ending in -y following a vowel form the third person singular by adding -s. I say – he says; I play – he plays
The interrogative form of the Present Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbto do in the Present Indefinite and the infinitive of the main verb without the particleto. The negative form of the Present Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbto do in the Present Indefinite, the negative particlenot and the infinitive of the main verb without the particle to.
2. The Past Indefinite of regular verbs is formed by adding the ending-ed to the infinitive without the particleto. Verbs ending in -yfollowing a consonant form the Past Indefinite tense by dropping the yand adding -ied. I carry – he carried,I copy – he copied,I try – he tried
Verbs ending in y following a vowel form the Past Indefinite tense by adding ed. I play – he played,I enjoy – he enjoyed
When a verb of one syllable has one vowel and ends in a single consonant, this consonant is doubled before -ed. stop – stopped, nod – nodded
Verbs of two or more syllables whose last syllable contains only one vowel and ends in a single consonant double this consonant before -ed if the stress falls on the last syllable. admit – admitted
Final -r is doubled if the last syllable of the infinitive contains a stressed monophthong. pre'fer – preferred, o'ccur – occurred
Final -l is doubled if it is preceded by a short vowel, stressed or unstressed.
The interrogative form of the Past Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbto do in the Past Indefinite (did) and the infinitive of the main verb without the particleto. The auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. The negative form of the Past Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbto do in the Past Indefinite, the negative particlenot and the infinitive of the main verb without the particle to.
3. The Future Indefinite is formed by means of the auxiliary verbs shall andwilland the infinitive of the main verb without the particle to.Both shallandwill may be used for the first person singular and plural. a) Will is kept for intension. I will wait for you. = I intend to wait for you.
b) Shall is used when there is no intention, i.e. for actions where the subjects wishes were not involved. I shall be twenty next week. I shall see him tomorrow. |
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