²ʲÑÒÎвÍÊÀ
Íàâèãàöèÿ:
²íôîðìàòèêà
²ñòîð³ÿ
Àâòîìàòèçàö³ÿ
Àäì³í³ñòðóâàííÿ
Àíòðîïîëîã³ÿ
Àðõ³òåêòóðà
Á³îëîã³ÿ
Áóä³âíèöòâî
Áóõãàëòåð³ÿ
³éñüêîâà íàóêà
Âèðîáíèöòâî
Ãåîãðàô³ÿ
Ãåîëîã³ÿ
Ãîñïîäàðñòâî
Äåìîãðàô³ÿ
Åêîëîã³ÿ
Åêîíîì³êà
Åëåêòðîí³êà
Åíåðãåòèêà
Æóðíàë³ñòèêà
ʳíåìàòîãðàô³ÿ
Êîìï'þòåðèçàö³ÿ
Êðåñëåííÿ
Êóë³íàð³ÿ
Êóëüòóðà
Êóëüòóðà
˳íãâ³ñòèêà
˳òåðàòóðà
Ëåêñèêîëîã³ÿ
Ëîã³êà
Ìàðêåòèíã
Ìàòåìàòèêà
Ìåäèöèíà
Ìåíåäæìåíò
Ìåòàëóðã³ÿ
Ìåòðîëîã³ÿ
Ìèñòåöòâî
Ìóçèêà
Íàóêîçíàâñòâî
Îñâ³òà
Îõîðîíà Ïðàö³
ϳäïðèºìíèöòâî
Ïåäàãîã³êà
Ïîë³ãðàô³ÿ
Ïðàâî
Ïðèëàäîáóäóâàííÿ
Ïðîãðàìóâàííÿ
Ïñèõîëîã³ÿ
Ðàä³îçâ'ÿçîê
Ðåë³ã³ÿ
Ðèòîðèêà
Ñîö³îëîã³ÿ
Ñïîðò
Ñòàíäàðòèçàö³ÿ
Ñòàòèñòèêà
Òåõíîëî㳿
Òîðã³âëÿ
Òðàíñïîðò
Ô³ç³îëîã³ÿ
Ô³çèêà
Ô³ëîñîô³ÿ
Ô³íàíñè
Ôàðìàêîëîã³ÿ


EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS

In developed countries today the rights and free­doms of the individual are regarded as important. When we say that we live in a free society, we mean by this that everyone has certain basic rights and freedoms. These include freedom of speech, freedom to practise one's chosen religion, freedom from discrimination because of race or sex and the right to liberty. There are laws on particular points including racial and sexual dis­crimination, but some other rights are not written into the law. Even where our rights are set down in the law, there are limitations on these rights. Some limitations are needed in order to protect other people's rights or to protect society as a whole. To illustrate this, consider the right to lib­erty; clearly it is important that ordinary people have freedom of the person, the right not to be held prisoner; but there are situations where it is necessary to imprison violent and dangerous criminals to protect society from them.

In the English legal system the right to liberty has been important for centuries and was set out in the Magna Carta, an important document in British history which King John of England signed at Runnymede in the south of England in 1215. By doing this he agreed that limits could be set on royal powers. Later, especially in the seventeenth century, the document was seen as a statement of basic civil rights. There are limitations on these rights; but a person can only be detained on specific grounds set out in the law. The most widely used reasons for detaining people are as follows: a lawful arrest on the order of a court while awaiting trial, a sentence of imprisonment after being found guilty of a crime under the Mental Health Acts. If a person has been unlawfully detained he may sue in the civil courts and claim damages for false imprisonment. Where the person is still being detained there is a special writ of habeas corpus that can be obtained. An application for this writ is made to the Queen's Bench Divisional Court and its effect is to order that the detained person be brought before the court immediately. An application for a writ of habeas corpus takes priority over any other case in court on that day and it will be heard first. The court will decide whether the detention is lawful or not; if the court decides that there is no lawful reason for the detention it will order the immedi­ate release of the prisoner.

The Human Rights Act 1998 came into effect in 2000. This Act incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into British law making it unlawful for any public authority to act in a way that is incompatible with a Convention right. Citizens can take action for breach of a right. Even before the Human Act came into effect the UK Government had signed this Convention.

The European Convention on Human Rights was drawn up in order to try and protect people's rights after the horrors of the Second World War. It fol­lowed the Universal Declaration on Human Rights made by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. Two years later in 1950 the Council of Europe adopted the European Convention on Human Rights. The Council of Europe is not part of the present European Union but a separate interna­tional organization formed in 1949 and with a big­ger membership than the European Union. In 1950 there were 21 members and 20 of these, including the United Kingdom, signed the European Convention on Human Rights. Since that date other European countries have joined the Council of Europe and signed the Convention, making 32 members in 1994.

The European Convention on Human Rights sets out the rights and free­doms that the people of Europe should have. It sets out that everyone has the right to lib­erty and that no one shall be deprived of his liberty except where the law allows arrest or detention. Even in these cases the arrested per­son has the right to be told of the reason for his arrest and brought before a court within a reason­able time. It states that everyone's right to life shall be protected by law but it does recognize that States may impose the death penalty for those convicted of certain crimes. The Convention says that no one shall be tortured and declares that slavery is not allowed.

In order to protect the rights set out in the Convention, a Court of Human Rights was established in 1959. The procedure for applying to this court was simplified in 1994. A new permanent single European Court of Human Rights was established and individuals who feel their rights have been breached can apply direct to the Court. Member States can also report another Member State to the Court. A Chamber of the Court will consider whether the complaint is admissible and if it decides that it is, the Government of the State concerned is asked for its comments. There is the possibility of coming to a friendly negotiated set­tlement, but if this is not successful then the Court will hear the case in full and give a judg­ment. The European Court of Human Rights sits at Strasbourg.

 

VOCABULARY NOTES

right, n. – ïðàâî; basic rights – îñíîâí³ ïðàâà; equal rights – ð³âí³ ïðàâà; impaired right – â³ä³áðàíå ïðàâî; indefeasible right – íåäîòîðêàííå ïðàâî; infringed right – ïîðóøåíå ïðàâî; inherent right – íåâiä'ºìíå ïðàâî; lawful/legal/legitimate right – çàêîííå ïðàâî; to affect the rights – çà÷³ïàòè ïðàâà; to assign/to convey/to transfer a right – ïåðåäàâàòè ïðàâî; to deny/to deprive of a right – â³äìîâëÿòè ó ïðàâi; to infringe/to violate a right – ïîðóøóâàòè ïðàâî; to protect/to uphold rights – çàõèùàòè ïðàâà; to reserve/to retain a right – çáåð³ãàòè ïðàâî; to vest rights in smb. – íàä³ëÿòè ïðàâàìè.

freedom, n. – ñâîáîäà; ïðàâî; absolute freedom – íåîáìåæåíå ïðàâî; conditional/limited freedom – îáìåæåíà ñâîáîäà; freedom of action – ñâîáîäà ä³é; freedom of assembly – ñâîáîäà ç³áðàíü; freedom of conscience – ñâîáîäà ñîâ³ñò³; freedom of contract – ïðàâî óêëàäàííÿ êîíòðàêò³â; freedom of discussion/speech – ñâîáîäà ñëîâà; freedom of faith/religion/worship – ñâîáîäà â³ðîñïîâ³äàííÿ; individual freedom – ñâîáîäà îñîáèñòîñò³.

society, n. – òîâàðèñòâî; àñîö³àö³ÿ; affiliated society – äî÷³ðíÿ êîìïàí³ÿ; registered society – çàðåºñòðîâàíå òîâàðèñòâî; unregistered society – íåçàðåºñòðîâàíå òîâàðèñòâî.

penalty, n. – ñòÿãíåííÿ; ïîêàðàííÿ; commuted penalty/punishment – ïîì'ÿêøåíå ïîêàðàííÿ; custodial penalty – ïîêàðàííÿ, ïîâ'ÿçàíå ç ïîçáàâëåííÿì âîë³; death penalty – ñìåðòíèé âèðîê; extra-legal penalty – äèñöèïë³íàðíå ñòÿãíåííÿ; extreme penalty – âèùà ì³ðà ïîêàðàííÿ; grave/high/severe penalty – ñóâîðå ïîêàðàííÿ; lenient/light/mild penalty/punishment – ì'ÿêå ïîêàðàííÿ; to assess the penalty – âèçíà÷èòè ì³ðó ïîêàðàííÿ; to charge/to calculate/to compute a penalty – íàðàõîâóâàòè øòðàô; to impose/to inflict a penalty – ïðèçíà÷èòè ïîêàðàííÿ; to make a penalty conditional – ïðèçíà÷èòè óìîâíå ïîêàðàííÿ.

imprisonment, n. –òþðåìíå óâ'ÿçíåííÿ; awarded imprisonment – ïðèçíà÷åíå òþðåìíå óâ'ÿçíåííÿ; false imprisonment – íåçàêîííå ïîçáàâëåííÿ âîë³; imprisonment before trial – ïîïåðåäíº óâ'ÿçíåííÿ; imprisonment for life/life(-long) imprisonment – äîâ³÷íå óâ'ÿçíåííÿ; penitentiary imprisonment – òþðåìíå óâ'ÿçíåííÿ; strict imprisonment – ñóâîðå óâ'ÿçíåííÿ; to send to imprisonment – ï³ääàâàòè òþðåìíîìó óâ'ÿçíåííþ.

detention, n. – çàòðèìàííÿ; àðåøò; âçÿòòÿ ïiä âàðòó; continuous detention – òðèâàëå óòðèìàííÿ ï³ä âàðòîþ; detention in custody – óòðèìàííÿ ï³ä âàðòîþ; detention on remand – ïîïåðåäíº óâ'ÿçíåííÿ; detention pending trial – âçÿòòÿ ï³ä âàðòó; illegal detention – íåçàêîííå âçÿòòÿ ï³ä âàðòó; lawful/legal detention – ïðàâîì³ðíå âçÿòòÿ ï³ä âàðòó; preventive detention – ïðåâåíòèâíå óâ'ÿçíåííÿ; provisional detention – ïîïåðåäíº âçÿòòÿ ï³ä âàðòó; temporary detention – òèì÷àñîâå çàòðèìàííÿ; unfounded detention – íåîá´ðóíòîâàíå çàòðèìàííÿ.

application, n. – çàÿâà; âèêîðèñòàííÿ; çàñòîñóâàííÿ; application for a job – çàÿâà ïðî ïðèéíÿòòÿ íà ðîáîòó; industrial application – ïðîìèñëîâå âèêîðèñòàííÿ; to find application – çíàõîäèòè çàñòîñóâàííÿ.

prisoner, n. –â'ÿçåíü; óâ'ÿçíåíèé; conventional prisoner – çâè÷àéíèé â'ÿçåíü; discharged prisoner – â'ÿçåíü, çâ³ëüíåíèé ç-ï³ä âàðòè; life-term prisoner – â’ÿçåíü, çàñóäæåíèé íà äîâ³÷íå óâ'ÿçíåííÿ; long-sentence/long-term prisoner – çàñóäæåíèé, ÿêèé â³äáóâຠòðèâàëèé ñòðîê óâ'ÿçíåííÿ; political prisoner – ïîë³òè÷íèé â'ÿçåíü; prisoner of the war/army prisoner – â³éñüêîâîïîëîíåíèé; secure prisoner – â’ÿçåíü, ÿêîãî íàä³éíî îõîðîíÿþòü.

priority, n. – ïð³îðèòåò; ïåðåâàãà; first priority – ïåðøî÷åðãîâ³ñòü; legislative priorities – çàêîíîäàâ÷³ ïð³îðèòåòè; top priority – ïîçà÷åðãîâ³ñòü; to give priority – â³ääàâàòè ïåðåâàãó; to reserve priority – çáåð³ãàòè ïð³îðèòåò.

complaint, n. – ñêàðãà; ïîçîâ; îô³ö³éíå îáâèíóâà÷åííÿ; civil complaint – öèâ³ëüíèé ïîçîâ; criminal complaint – îáâèíóâà÷åííÿ ó â÷èíåíí³ çëî÷èíó; cross complaint – çóñòð³÷íà ñêàðãà; original complaint – ïåðâ³ñíà ñêàðãà; telephone complaint – ñêàðãà, ùî íàä³éøëà òåëåôîíîì; to address à complaint – çâåðòàòèñÿ ç³ ñêàðãîþ; to consider a complaint – ðîçãëÿäàòè ñêàðãó; to file/to lodge/to make a complaint – çàÿâëÿòè ñêàðãó.

comment, n. – êîìåíòàð, çàóâàæåííÿ; case comment – çàóâàæåííÿ ùîäî ñóäîâî¿ ñïðàâè; comment by the defence – çàóâàæåííÿ, âèñëîâëåíå ó ñïðàâ³ çàõèñòîì; comment by the prosecution – çàóâàæåííÿ, âèñëîâëåíå ó ñïðàâ³ îáâèíóâà÷åííÿì.

set­tlement, n. – óðåãóëþâàííÿ; amicable/out-of-court/voluntary settlement – ìèðîâà óãîäà; claim settlement – çàäîâîëåííÿ âèìîãè; judicial settlement – óðåãóëþâàííÿ â ñóäîâîìó ïîðÿäêó; to reach settlement – äîñÿãàòè óãîäè.

judg­ment, n. – ñóäîâå ð³øåííÿ; âèðîê; valid judgment – ñóäîâå ð³øåííÿ, ùî íàáðàëî ÷èííîñò³; to appeal against the judgment – îñêàðæóâàòè ð³øåííÿ; to enforce/to execute/to satisfy à judgment – âèêîíóâàòè ñóäîâå ð³øåííÿ; to give/to make/to pass/to pronounce/to render a judgment – âèíîñèòè ñóäîâå ð³øåííÿ; to recall a/to reverse/to revoke judgment – ñêàñîâóâàòè ñóäîâå ð³øåííÿ; to reserve/to suspend a judgment – â³äêëàäàòè âèíåñåííÿ ð³øåííÿ.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES

 

© 2013 wikipage.com.ua - Äÿêóºìî çà ïîñèëàííÿ íà wikipage.com.ua | Êîíòàêòè