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The Importance and the ways of Foreign Ivestments Involvement into Ukrainian economy at the Stage of Integrational transformation
The demand for preserving positive dynamics of economic growth and further structural reforms in Ukraine witness about the importance of looking for new potential investment sources. Since Ukrainian economy has limited national finan cial sources? It is necessary to look for foreign investing financial sources. Nowadays, the efficiency of investment policy influences the state of production, the level of technical equipment, possibilities of structural reforms in economy, solution of social and ecological problems. Investments are the bases of enterprise development and certain fields of economy. The present-day conditions of economic development need conducting active policy with the involvement of direct foreign investments. To solve the problem of inner investment activity and activite foreign investments it is necessary to do the following: -to decrease the level of state regulation and to provid the stability of normative acts; -to complete administrative reform and to providy the publicity of power decisions -to promote development of capital markets -to provide stability of political medium -to create the positive image of the state Á³ëåò 3 Ùî òàêå ìàðêåòèíã? Íåìຠñåíñó ãîâîðèòè ïðî ìàðêåòèíã, íå ðîçóì³þ÷è, ùî òàêå «ïîòðåáè ³ áàæàííÿ» ëþäèíè. Òîæ äàâàéòå ðîçïî÷íåìî ç âèçíà÷åííÿ öèõ äâîõ ïîíÿòü. Ïîòðåáà ç’ÿâëÿºòüñÿ, êîëè ëþäèíà â³ä÷óâຠñåáê ô³ç³îëîã³÷íî ïîçáàâëåíîþ åëåìåíòàðíèõ ðå÷åé, ÿê òî ¿æà, îäÿã, äàõ íàä ãîëîâîþ. Áàæàííÿ – öå òà æ ñàìà ïîòðåáà, ò³ëüêè ìຠôîðìó ëþäñüêîãî çíàííÿ. Îòæå, ÿêùî âè ãîëîäí³, âè ìàºòå îñíîâíó ïîòðåáó òà áàæàííÿ ùîñü ç’¿ñòè. Ñêàæ³ìî, âè õî÷åòå ç’¿ñòè ÿáëóêî àáî öóêåðêó, òîìó ùî âîíè, ÿê âè âæå çíàºòå ç³ ñâîãî ïîïåðåäíüîãî äîñâ³äó, çàäîâîëüíÿþòü âàøó ïîòðåáó ãîëîäó. Åôåêòèâíèé ìàðêåòèíã, ÿêùî â³í ìຠôîðìó çíàííÿ ëþäèíîþ äîáðîãî òîâàðó, ìîæå ñôîðìóâàòè áàæàííÿ ëþäèíè. Àìåðèêàíñüêà ìàðêåòèíãîâà àñîö³àö³ÿ, ÿêà ïðåäñòàâëÿº àìåðèêàíñüêèõ òà êàíàäñüêèõ ìàðêåòèíãîâèõ ïðîôåñ³îíàë³â, ñòâåðäæóº ùî «ìàðêåòèíã º ïðîöåñîì ïëàíóâàííÿ òà âèêîíàííÿ êîíöåïö³¿, ö³íîóòâîðåííÿ, ðåêëàìóâàííÿ òà ðîçïîâñþäæåííÿ ³äåé, òîâàð³â òà ïîñëóã ç ìåòîþ ñòâîðåííÿ îáì³íó, ÿêèé çàäîâîëüíèâ áè ³íäèâ³äóàëüí³ òà îðãàí³çàö³éí³ ö³ë³». Áàãàòî ëþäåé ïîìèëêîâî ââàæàþòü, ùî ìàðêåòèíã – öå òà æ ñàìà ðåêëàìà àáî ïðîäàæ. Âèùåíàâåäåíå âèçíà÷åííÿ äîâîäèòü, ùî ìàðêåòèíã º íàáàãàòî øèðøîþ ä³ÿëüí³ñòþ. Êð³ì òîãî, öå âèçíà÷åííÿ ï³äêðåñëþº âàæëèâ³ñòü âçàºìîâèã³äíèõ îáì³í³â, ÿê³ çàäîâîëüíÿþòü ìåòó ÿêòèõ, õòî êóïóº, òàê ³ òèõ, õòî ïðîäຠ³äå¿, òîâàðè ³ ïîñëóãè.
Unemployment as a Social and Economic Phenomenon of Mankind Development
There are about 820 million people in the world who are unemployed or work part – time. Some highly developed cuntries face crises because of unemployment. It touches even upon the countries where there seemed to be no unemployment at all. Unemployment ruins lives of millions of people. It is a new social disease. Today psychologists observe a sudden growth of psychological and psychiatric illnesses among the unemployed people. Besides, they suffer from emotional distresses, disappointment, apathy and the loss of self-respect. To study the problem of unemployment special governmental committees were formed. For example, Special Committee of the British House of commons which has been considering the problem since 1895. Unemployment is also a social problem. New understanding of this phenomenon has become deeper after the World War I. The conflict with intensively growing weapons production has almost overcome unemployment. However, in early 20ies the Western world faced a series of economic crisis which, later on, turned into the global economic crises that started in 1929 and destroyed the economy of all highly developed world countries. After the World War II there happened a new economic boom, and unemployment rate has reduced. Á³ëåò 4 Êëàñèô³êàö³ÿ ïðîìèñëîâèõ òîâàð³â  çàëåæíîñò³ â³ä ñâî¿õ õàðàêòåðèñòèê òà ïîòåíö³àëüíîãî âèêîðèñòàííÿ, ïðîìèñëîâ³ òîâàðè ìîæóòü ïîä³ëÿòèñÿ íà òàê³ êàòåãîð³¿: ñèðîâèíà, îñíîâíå óñòàòêóâàííÿ, ïðèëàääÿ àáî àêñåñóàðè, êîìïîíóþ÷è çàï÷àñòèíè, ïðîöåñîðí³ ìàòåð³àëè, ïðîâ³àíò òà ïîñëóãè. Ñèðîâèíà – öå îñíîâíèé ìàòåð³àë, ÿêèé íàñïðàâä³, ñòຠç ÷àñîì ÷àñòèíîþ ô³çè÷íîãî òîâàðó. Âîíà, ÿê ïðàâèëî, ïîñòàâëÿºòüñÿ ç øàõòè, ë³ñó, îêåàíó àáî ïåðåðîáëåíèõ òâåðäèõ â³äõîä³â. Ñèðîâèíó, çàçâè÷àé, êóïóþòü ³ ïðîäàþòü çàëåæíî â³ä ´àòóíêó òà ö³ëåâèêîðèñòàííÿ. Îñíîâíå óñòàòêóâàííÿ âêëþ÷ຠâåëèêå ðîáî÷å çíàðÿääÿ òà ìàøèíè, ÿê³ çàñòîñîâóþòüñÿ ó âèðîáíè÷èõ ö³ëÿõ. Ïðèêëàäàìè òàêîãî óñòàòêóâàííÿ º òîêàðí³ âåðñòàòè, êðàíè òà äðîáèëüí³ ìàøèíè. Äåÿêå îñíîâíå óñòàòêóâàííÿ âèãîòîâëÿþòü íà çàìîâëåííÿ ÿêî¿ñü îðãàí³çàö³¿, àëå ³íøå º ñòàíäàðòíèìè òîâàðàìè, ÿê³ âèêîíóþòü îäíå àáî äåê³ëüêà çàâäàíü îðãàí³çàö³¿ ð³çíîãî òèïó. Ïðèëàääÿ – öå ñòàíäàðòèçîâàíå óñòàòêóâàííÿ, ÿêå ìîæíà âèêîðèñòîâóâàòè ê³ëüêîìà ñïîñîáàìè, ÿê äëÿ âèðîáíèöòâà òîâàð³â, òàê ³ âæèòêó â îô³ñ³. Íàïðèêëàä, ðó÷íèé ³íñòðóìåíò, äðóêàðñüê³ ìàøèíêè, åëåêòðîìîòîðè, êàëüêóëÿòîðè, ò.ä. Ó ïîð³âíÿí³ ç îñíîâíèì óñòàòêóâàííÿì, ïðèëàääÿ àáî àêñåñóàðè íàáàãàòî äåøåâø³. Êîìïëåêòóþ÷³ ÷àñòèíè çãîäîì òàêîæ ñòàþòü ô³çè÷íèì òîâàðîì, ³ º, ÿê ïðàâèëî,âæå ãîòîâèìè ðå÷àìè, ïðèäàòíèìè äëÿ êîìïëåêòàö³¿, àáî òîâàðîì, ÿêèé ïîòð³áíî òðîõè îáðîáèòè, ïåðø í³æ â³í ñòàíå ïðèäàòíèì äëÿ êîìïëåêòàö³¿. Õî÷à êîìïëåêòóþ÷³ ÷àñòèíè ïðèçíà÷åí³ äëÿ âèãîòîâëåííÿ á³ëüøèõ òîâàð³â, ¿õ ÷àñòî äóæå ïðîñòî ³äåíòèô³êóâàòè: ãîäèííèêè, êîëåñà, òîùî. The development of small Enterpreneurship in Chernivtsi Transition to market relations is always closely connected with creation and development of the network of smallenterprises. They are able to activize structural reconstruction of economy and provide the population with jobs. Besides, they guickly react to the consumer demand changes. On the whole, small enterprises have a lot of advantages: independence of actions, guick adaptation to local conditions, low cost, etc. Small business creates many vacancies and decreases unemployment. Small entrepreneurship in Chernivtsi consists of 27,9 thousand enterprises. According to the types of economic activity, they work in spheres of trade, real estate, engineering transportation, communication, hotel network, utility services, financial activity. One of the most important indexes of small enterprencurship development is a number of small enterprises per 10 thousand population. Chernivtsi cjntains 102 small enterprises which help solve employment problem, improve budget and financial situation revive local production. Small business in Chernivtsi develops very guickly and is one the most important factors in the process of stabiliting the city’s economy. Á³ëåò 5 Ïðîáëåìè ö³íîóòâîðåííÿ Ïåðø í³æ êåð³âíèöòâî êîìïàí³¿ çìîæå âòàíîâèòè ö³íè íà ñâî¿ òîâàðè , âîíî ïîâèííî âèð³øèòè ÷îãî õî÷å äîáèòèñü, âñòàíîâèòè òó ÷è ³íøó ö³íó. ²íøèìè ñëîâàìè, êåð³âíèöòâî ïîâèííî âñòàíîâèòè ìåòó ñâîãî ö³íîóòâîðåííÿ, ÿêà â³äïîâ³äàëà á ÿê îðãàí³çàö³éíèì, òàê ³ ìàðêåòèíãîâèì ö³ëÿì. Çâè÷àéíî îñíîâíèì çàâäàííÿì ö³íîóòâîðåííÿ º îòðèìàííÿ ïðèáóòêó, àëå íå çàâæäè. Îäèí àáî ê³ëüêà íàñòóïíèõ ôàêòîð³â ìîæóòü áóòè íå ìåíø âàæëèâèìè çà ïðèáóòîê. 1. Âèæèâàííÿ ô³ðìè. Ìîæëèâî ô³ðì³ äîâîäèòüñÿ âèçíà÷èòè ñâî¿ ö³íè äëÿ òîãî, ùîá âèæèòè – àáî ÿê îðãàí³çàö³ÿ, àáî ÿê ó÷àñíèê ïåâíîãî ðèíêó. ßê ïðàâèëî, öå îçíà÷ຠ, ùî ô³ðìà çíèçèòü ñâî¿ ö³íè, ùîá ïðèâàáèòè ê볺íò³â, íàâ³òü, ÿêùî çàçíຠô³íàíñîâèõ âòðàò. Òàêà ìåòà â æîäíîìó ðàç³ íå ïîâèííà áóòè äîâãîòðèâàëîþ. Ïîñò³éí³ çáèòêè ìîæóòü çðóéíóâàòè á³çíåñ. Îïòèì³çàö³ÿ ïðèáóòêó Áàãàòî ô³ðì ìîæóòü äåêëàðóâàòè çà ìåòó îïòèì³çàö³þ ïðèáóòê³â, àëå öþ ìåòó íåìîæëèâî âèçíà÷èòè, îòæå íåìîæëèâî äîñÿãòè). Ùî òàêå ìàêñèìàëüíèé ïðèáóòîê? Çâ³äêè ô³ðìà çíຠ, ùî âîíà éîãî äîñÿãëà? Ô³ðìè, ÿê³ áàæàþòü ïëàíóâàòè ñâî¿ ïðèáóòêè, ìóñÿòü âèðàæàòè ¿õ àáî êîíêðåòíèìè ãðîøîâèìè öèôðàìè àáî â³äñîòêîâèì çðîñòîì ó ïîð³âíÿíí³ ç ïîïåðåäí³ìè ïðèáóòêàìè. 2. ³äøêîäóâàííÿ (ïîâåðíåííÿ) ö³ëüîâèõ ³íâåñòèö³é. Ïîâåðíåííÿ ³íâåñòîâàíèõ ãðîøåé (ROI) – öå ñóìà, çàðîáëåíà çàâäÿêè äàí³é ³íâåñòèö³¿. Äåÿê³ ô³ðìè âñòàíîâëþþòü ð³÷í³ â³äñîòêè íà (ROI), ÿê ìåòó.
State Regulation of Economy Countries base their development noy only on raw materials and natural wealth, but also intellectual abilities of their cititens, use state regulation as a system approach to organiting their production and are called economically developed countries. As a rule, they apply proportional laws of regulational: the more deviations are caused by a certain factor? The bigger regulating power ehould be applied to diminish these deviations. State regulation has to be perfomed thourughly not to cause other negative conseguences. Thus, only absolutely stable economic system can afford the absence of regulating influence. Such systems are self-regulated and are a perfect type of a free market. In all countries, especially in those with transitive economy, state regulation is vitality necessary. Thus a model of free non-regulated market is not efficient, despite the fact that the basic aim of any reform is creation of stable economic system. Economic phenomena and processes are regulated, first of all, by the action of market mechanism. The aim of state regulation is to influence the factors which weaken the action of the market mechanism. Highly developed countries use legal and economic method to regulate their economies. Á³ëåò 6 |
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