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Changes of Verb tense forms when transferring sentences
From Direct into Indirect Speech
He said: “I informyou”.
| He said (that) he informed me.
| He said: “I am informing you”.
| He said (that) he was informing me.
| He said: “I have informed you”.
| He said (that) he had informed me.
| He said: “I have been informing you”.
| He said (that) he had been informing me.
| He said: “I informed you”.
| He said (that) he had informed me.
| He said: “I was informing you”.
| He said (that) he had been informing me.
| He said: “I had informed you”.
| He said (that) he had informed me.
| He said: “I had been informing you”.
| He said (that) he had been informing me.
| He said: “I will inform you”.
| He said (that) he would inform me.
| He said: “I will be informing you”.
| He said (that) he would be informingme.
| He said: “I will have informed you”.
| He said (that) he would have informed me.
| He said: “I will have been informing you”.
| He said (that) he would have been informing me.
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THE INFINITIVE
The Infinitive is a non-finite form of the Verb, which names an action. There are six forms of the Infinitive in English.
Forms of the Infinitive
| Active Voice
| Passive Voice
| Indefinite
| to manage
to sell
| to be managed
to be sold
| Continuous
| to be managing
to be selling
| –
| Perfect
| to have managed
to have sold
| to have been managed
to have been sold
| Perfect-Continuous
| to have been managing
to have been selling
| –
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The Indefinite Infinitive is used:
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| to name the action that is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite Verb
| I was glad to maximise the potential, performance and the results of each member of my team. Я був радий максимізувати потенціал, роботу та результативність кожного члена моєї команди.
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| to name the future action with regard to the action, denoted by the finite Verb (intention, hope)
| He decided to motivate employees of his company. Він вирішив мотивувати працівників своєї компанії.
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| to express a future action with Modal Verbs
| You may come for interview tomorrow at 10 o’clock. Ви можете прийти на інтерв’ю завтра о 10 годині.
| The Continuous Infinitive is used:
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| to name the action in its progress simultaneous with that of the finite Verb
| They seemed to be discussing a new policy of our company. Здавалося, що вони обговорюють нову політику компанії.
| The Perfect Infinitive is used:
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| to name the action prior to that of the finite Verb
| I was pleased to have set an example for my team-members. Я був задоволений, що подав приклад членам моєї команди.
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| to show that the action was not performed, after the Verbs should, ought, could, mightin the affirmative form, was/werein the modal meaning and to expect, to hope, to intendin the past tense
| He should have learnt the fundamentals of motivation. Йому слід було вивчити принципи мотивації (але він не вивчив).
We ought to have encouraged employees of sales department. Нам треба було заохочувати працівників відділу збуту (але ми не заохочували).
They could have obtained feedback the minute they came in. Вони могли отримати відповідь у той момент, коли зайшли (але не отримали).
The board of directors might have provided a reward for everybody. Рада директорів могла винагородити кожного (але не зробила цього).
Our distributors were to have prepared reports about their commercial activity. Наші дистриб’ютори мали підготувати звіт про їхню комерційну діяльність (але не зробили цього).
I intended to have defined human resource policy and communicated it to the staff. Я мав намір визначити політику управління персоналом (але не зробив цього).
| The Perfect-Continuous Infinitive is used:
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| to name the action that lasted during a certain period of time before the action of the finite Verb
| I am happy to have been working in our company for 10 years. Я щасливий, що 10 років поспіль працюю у нашій компанії.
| In the sentence the Infinitive/Infinitive group is used as:
| a Subject
| To be a leaderdoes not mean just to have the authority of management or supervisory position. Бути лідером означає не тільки мати владу управління чи керівну посаду.
It was hard to influenceothers. Було важко впливати на інших.
| a Predicate
| The goal of the future training is to develop leadership skills of team members. Мета майбутнього тренінгу – розвинути лідерські навички членів команди.
| a part of the compound verbal Predicate
| You should have directed and influencedothers to achieve common goals. Слід було керувати іншими людьми та здійснювати вплив на них для досягнення спільних цілей.
She began to study and analyze leadership. Вона почала вивчати та аналізувати лідерство.
| an object to Verbs and Adjectives
| They asked me to define the way in which the functions of leadership are carried out. Вони попросили мене визначити спосіб здійснення функцій лідерства.
| an Attribute
| Many people feel the need to be encouraged and developed.Багато людей відчувають потребу у заохоченні та розвитку.
| an adverbial modifier of purpose or result
| I decided to meet with you to have an honest understanding of what we can do. Я вирішив зустрітися з тобою, щоб чітко зрозуміти що ми можемо зробити.
| THE OBJECTIVE INFINITIVE COMPLEX consists of:
| Noun in the Common Case:
| Noun in the Common Case + Infinitive
Pronoun in Objective Case + Infinitive
| Personal Pronoun in the Objective Case:
| in which the nominal part denotes the Subject or the Object of the action, expressed by the Infinitive.
| The Objective Infinitive complex is used after the verbs denoting:
| perceptions of senses: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice
| We felt him allow the subordinates freedom of action. Ми відчули, що він дав свободу дій підлеглим.
| wish, intention, emotions: to want, to wish, to desire, to hate, to intend, to like
| She wanted them to bring out extraordinary leadership qualities. Він хотів, щоб вони проявили незвичайні якості лідера.
| mental activity: to consider, to believe, to think, to find, to know, to expect, to suppose
| We expected him to make the final decision. Ми сподівалися, що він прийме остаточне рішення.
| order, request, permission, advice, compulsion: to order, to ask, to request, to allow, to permit, to advise, to recommend, to cause, to force, to make, to let
| He allowed managers to use authoritarian style in this situation. Він дозволив менеджерам застосувати авторитарний стиль у цій ситуації.
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THE SUBJECTIVE INFINITIVE COMPLEX consists of:
| Noun in the Common Case:
| Noun in the Common Case + Infinitive
Pronoun in the Common Case + Infinitive
| Personal Pronoun in the Nominative Case:
| in which the nominal part denotes the Subject or the Object of the action, expressed by the Infinitive.
| The Subjective Infinitive complex is used:
| after the verbsto say, to report(in Passive Voice)
| The style of leadership is said to be classified as: authoritarian, democratic and laissez-faire style. Кажуть, що стиль управління класифікують як авторитарний, демократичний і стиль невтручання.
| denoting perception of senses: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice
| Many progressive companies were observed to use democratic style of leadership. Відзначають, що багато прогресивних компаній використовують демократичний стиль управління.
| denoting mental activity: to consider, to believe, to think, to expect, to suppose
| The exhibition is expected to begin in time. Очікується, що виставка розпочнеться вчасно.
| denoting order, request, permission, advice, compulsion: to order, to ask, to request, to allow, to permit, to cause, to force, to make
| Managers were ordered to integrate individual and group goals. Менеджерам наказали інтегрувати особистісні та групові цілі.
| after the verbsto seem, to appear, to happen, to chance, to prove, to turn out
| He seemed not to distinguish leaders from other people. Здавалося, що він не відрізняв лідерів серед інших людей.
| after the word combinationsto be likely, to be unlikely, to be sure, to be certain
| People are likely to work in teams. Навряд чи людям подобається працювати в командах.
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THE PREPOSITIONAL INFINITIVE COMPLEX consists of:
| Noun in the Common Case:
| FOR + Noun in the Common Case + Infinitive
FOR + Pronoun in Objective Case + Infinitive
| Personal Pronoun in the Objective Case:
| in which the nominal part denotes the Subject or the Object of the action, expressed by the Infinitive.
| The Prepositional Infinitive complex is used as:
| a Subject
| For us to cooperate with your company is the luckiest chance in our activity. Співпрацювати з вашою компанією – це найщасливіший шанс у нашій діяльності.
It’s time for us to learn special skills and qualities. Нам пора опановувати спеціальні навички та якості.
| a Predicate
| The Eastern Europe market is for you to think about. Про ринок Східної Європи тобі треба подумати.
| an Object
| Everybody waited for the director to determine rewards. Всі чекали, поки директор визначить винагороди.
| an Attribute
| There is nobody here for her to help. Тут нема нікого, хто міг би їй допомогти.
| an adverbial modifier of purpose or result
| The manager gave several pieces of advice for employees to understand the task better. Менеджер дав кілька порад, щоб працівники зрозуміли завдання краще.
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THE PARTICIPLE
The participle is a non-finite form of the verb that has properties of the verb, adjective and adverb. There are two Participles in English: Present Participle (Participle I) and Past Participle (Participle II), having three forms.
Forms of the Participle
| Transitive verbs
| Intransitive verbs
| Active Voice
| Passive Voice
| Active Voice
| Present Participle
| managing
| being managed
| going
| Past Participle
| ---------------
| managed
| gone
| Perfect Participle
| having managed
| having been managed
| having gone
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PRESENT PARTICIPLE is used to express an action:
| 1.
| simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb
| Researchingthe labour market I take into account supply and demand. Досліджуючи ринок праці, я враховую попит та пропозицію.
Researching the labour market I took into account supply and demand. Досліджуючи ринок праці, я враховував попит та пропозицію.
Researching the labour market I shall take into account supply and demand. Досліджуючи ринок праці, я враховуватиму попит та пропозицію.
| 2.
| referring to the present irrespective of the time of the action expressed by the finite verb
| The managers working in our company, graduated from Lviv National Polytechnic University. Менеджери, які працюють у нашій компанії, закінчили Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”.
| 3.
| having no reference to any particular time
| The managers are the people running the organisation. Менеджери – це люди, що управляють організацією.
| 4.
| preceding thу action expressed by the finite verb if these actions closely follow each other: to enter, to open, to arrive, to see, to hear
| Entering the meeting room he greeted everybody. Увійшовши до кімнати зустрічей, він привітався.
| PERFECT PARTICIPLE is used to express an action:
| 1.
| preceding the action expressed by the finite verb
| Having analyzed the market, they stopped their deliveries. Здійснивши аналіз ринку, вони припинили поставки.
| PAST PARTICIPLE is used to express an action:
| 1.
| preceding the action expressed by the finite verb
| We looked at the destroyedequipment. Ми дивилися на зруйноване обладнання.
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THE OBJECTIVE PARTICIPLE COMPLEX
| Noun in the Common Case:
| Manager + Participle
Him + Participle
| Personal Pronoun in the Objective Case:
| the first part (i.e. the noun or pronoun) denotes the subject or the object of the action expressed by the Participle.The Objective Participle complex is used with the verbs denoting:
| sense perceptions: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice
| We saw him communicatingwith subordinates. Ми бачили, як він розмовляв з підлеглими.
We noticed the program breaking down. Ми спостерігали, як порушується програма.
| wish and mental activity: to want, to wish, to desire, to hate, to intend, to like, to consider, to believe, to think, to find, to know, to expect, to suppose(only Past Participle)
| She wanted them fulfillingher order immediately. Вона хотіла, щоб вони негайно виконали її замовлення.
| to have, to get(only Past Participle)
| She wanted the personnel changed. Вона хотіла, щоб персонал змінився.
I must have my computer repaired.Мені треба полагодити комп’ютер.
| THE SUBJECTIVE PARTICIPLE COMPLEX
| Noun in the Common Case:
| Director + Participle
We + Participle
| Personal Pronoun in the Nominative Case:
| which stands in predicate relation to the Noun or Pronoun. The Subjective Participle complex is used with the verbs denoting:
| sense perceptions: to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice
| Progressive companies were observed usingdemocratic style of leadership. Можна було спостерігати, як прогресивні компанії використовували демократичний стиль лідерства.
| to consider, to believe, to find(only Past Participle)
| The meeting was considered finished. Зустріч вважали закінченою.
| THE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPLE COMPLEX
| Noun in the Common Case:
| Leader + Participle
They + Participle
| Personal Pronoun in the Nominative Case:
| and they perform the function of the Participle subject. The Absolute Participle complex is used as adverbial modifiers of:
| time
| The conversation having stopped, everybody went home. Коли розмова припинилася, всі пішли додому.
| cause
| The presentation being very informative, he called to supplier. Оскільки презентація була дуже інформативною, він подзвонив постачальнику.
| manner or attending circumstances and condition
| His eyes smiling, he informed us about the system of rewards. Усміхаючись, він поінформував нас про систему винагородження.
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THE GERUND
The Gerund is a non-finite form of the verb which has properties of the Verb and Noun.
Forms
of the Gerund
| Active Voice
| Passive Voice
| Indefinite
| managing
| being managed
| Perfect
| having managed
| having been managed
| THE INDEFINITE GERUND is used to express an action:
| simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb
| He researchedthe market of Ukraine without paying attention to the new trends in economic development. Він досліджував ринок України, не звертаючи уваги на нові тенденції економічного розвитку.
| having no reference to any particular time
| Managing means understandingothers.Управляти – означає розуміти інших.
| future action with regard to that denoted by the finite verb after the words: to intend, to suggest, to insist
| He suggested preparingpresentation.Він запропонував підготувати презентацію.
| preceding the action expressed by the finite verb after the words: to thank, to forget, to remember, to excuse, to apologise
| Thank you for preparing report in time. Спасибі за вчасно підготований звіт.
| THE PERFECT GERUND is used to express an action:
| preceding the action expressed by the finite verb
| Thank you forhaving analyzed the market. Спасибі, що здійснили аналіз ринку.
| CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GERUND
| THE VERB characteristics
| THE NOUN characteristics
| the Gerund of transitive verbs takes a direct Object
| the Gerund can be used in the sentence as a Subject, Predicative and Object
| the Gerund can be modified by an Adverb
| the Gerund can be preceded by a Preposition which refers to it
| the Gerund has Perfect and Non-Perfect forms and is used in the Active and Passive Voices
| the Gerund can be modified by a Possessive Pronoun and by a Noun in the Possessive Case
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