I. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть в кожному з них дієслово-присудок та визначте видочасову форму та стан. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

a) 1. Chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems of
substitutional materials.

2. Low temperature physics has become very important.

b) 1. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.

2. Vacuum was recognized as one of the best insulating materials.

II. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть Participle I і Participle II, виявіть функції кожного з них, тобто вкажіть, чи є воно означенням, обставиною або частиною присудка. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. Superconductivity was found in many metals.

2. The atoms forming our planet are built of electrons, protons and neutrons.

3. Being a good conductor of electricity copper is widely used in industry.

4. When liquefied helium plays an important role in studying properties of free radicals.

III. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть в кожному з них модальне дієслово або його еквівалент. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.

2. Heat may be transferred in three ways.

3. You will be able to translate this article without a dictionary.

4. They had to stop their experiment, as there was a leak in the apparatus.

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Pyotr KAPITSA

1. Pyotr Kapitsa is one of the outstanding world physicists. He was born in 1894 in prosperous family. His farther was a general, a prominent military engineer who had built the Kronstadt fortress. When Pyotr finished school he said he wanted to become a physicist, and entered the St. Petersburg Polytechnical Institute, one of the best technical establishments in Russia at that time. He became a student of the electromechanical faculty.

2. Kapitsa was lucky to have such teachers as Abraham Yoffe and the great British physicist Ernest Rutherford. In 1921 Yoffe went to London to buy laboratory equipment and he took Kapitsa with him.

3. In Cambridge after visiting the famous Cavendish Laboratory, Yoffe asked Rutherford to let Kapitsa stay for a while in Cambridge to study and work with him. Rutherford, the celebrated physicist, agreed.

4. Kapitsa completed the laboratory course in two weeks instead of the usual two years and so became Rutherford's favorite pupil. It was in Cambridge that Kapitsa became well-known. His experiments with strong magnetic fields made him famous among scientists the world over. He made a very important discovery: in most metals the resistance increases linearly in respect to the magnetic field.

5. Kapitsa successfully combined the talent of experimenter with brilliant engineering ability. In 1935 he designed a powerful installation for producing liquid oxygen. In the war years Kapitsa devoted all his talent of a scientist and engineer to the cause of the country's defence. In the post-war years he worked in an entirely new field of science and technology - high-power electronics.

6. World recognition of his scientific efforts came with the Nobel Prize in physics in 1978. In the history of physics there are few names that can be placed next to him.

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What kind of installation did P. L. Kapitsa design?

1. … an installation for producing rare gases.

2. ... for accelerating particles.

3. ...for producing liquid oxygen.

ВАРіАНТ №2

а) 1. Today we are witnessing the development of a new branch biochemical technology.

2. Scientists have obtained important information from space stations and satellites.

б) 1. Atomic energy is used for many purposes.

2. The metric or decimal system was worked out by the French Academy of Sciences in 1791.

1. The atoms forming our planet are built of electrons, protons and neutrons.

2. Every year more and more people are moving to urban places from rural parts of the country.

3. When heated water becomes steam.

4. Unless properly treated metals must not be applied for space technology.

1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transmitted into the
other.

2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.

3. These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination,

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D.I. MENDELEYEV (1834-1907)

1. A Russian name appeared in 1964 on the honorary board of science at Bridgeport University, USA. Mendeleyev was added to the list of the greatest geniuses - Euclid. Archimedes, Copernicus, Galileо, Newton and Lavoisier. D.I. Mendeleyev, the explorer of nature, is the greatest chemist of the world. The Mendeleyev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements and it has retained its key capacity until now.

2. D.I. Mendeleyev was the fourteenth, and last child of the Director of the Gymnasium at Tobolsk. At 16 he was taken by his mother, to St.Petersburg to seek higher education. He entered the Pedagogical Institute where his father had also studied. In 1856 he took a degree in chemistry and in 1859 he was sent abroad for two years for further training. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1861 as Professor of Chemistry.

3. In 1868 Mendeleyev began to write a great textbook of chemistry, known in its English translation as the "Principles of Chemistry". In compiling this, he tried to find some system of classifying the elements – some sixty in all then known – whose properties he was describing. This led him to formulate the Periodic Law, which earned him lasting international fame. He presented it verbally to the Russian Chemical Society in October 1868 and published it in February 1869.

4. In this paper he set out clearly his discovery that if elements are arranged in order of their atomic weights, chemically related elements appear at regular intervals. The greatness of Mendeleyev’s achievement lies in the fact that he had discovered a generalization that not only unified an enormous amount of existing information but pointed the way to further progress.

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What can you say about the greatness of Mendeleyev’s discovery?

1. The greatness of Mendeleyev’s achievement lies in the fact that his Periodic Table pointed the way to further progress in chemistry.

2. Mendeleyev had discovered several new elements.

3.Mendeleyev created the system of classifying chemical elements.

ВАРИАНТ №3

l. The computer is fast becoming a necessary means of getting information.

2. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes of very small particles.

3. Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature.

4. The launching of the first spaceship was followed by many achievements in science and engineering.

1. These reactions convert hydrogen into helium, giving off a great amount of light and heat.

2. While producing new kinds of materials one should be particular about their quality.

3. A positively charged particle having the mass of the electron was discovered in 1932.

4. The largest computers are those found in research centres, scientific laboratories, big universities.

1. Computers can solve almost any problem faster and more efficiently than
we can.

2. The application of digital computers should include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.

3.These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.

4.A robot is not allowed to injure a human being.

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LISE MEITNER

1. In 1938, an Austrian physicist named Lise Meitner announced the splitting of the atom in the laboratory. That announcement confirmed once again the beginning of the Atomic Age. At that time Lise Meitner was one of the few persons in the world who had a thorough understanding of atomic energy and the uses which could be made of this great power.

2. Lise Meitner, the daughter of a lawyer, was born in Vienna on the 17^th of November 1878. She grew interested in science when she read of the Curies' discovery of radium. The example of Marie Curie showed that a woman was able to achieve something in science. Lise Meitner became the first woman in the history of the University of Vienna who earned her doctorate in physics.

3. In 1906 she went to the University of Berlin to continue her studies by attending the theoretical lectures of Max Planck and by doing experimental work. Then she began her research in the new field of radioactivity. She focused her attention on the behaviour of beta radiation from radioactive elements, experimenting with the primitive methods then available for measuring and analysing radioactivity. Meitner's work in the 1920s and early 1930s emphasized the physical aspects of radioactivity.

4. In 1938 she left Germany for Sweden. Lise Meitner declined to work on the development of the atom bomb remaining in Sweden throughout the war. She was concerned with the properties of new radioactive isotopes, produced by the cyclotron. Her career was illustrious and productive (she published more than 135 scientific papers), but throughout her life she remained a shy person, with a deep interest in music. Her devotion to science had been total. She never married. In 1960 she moved to Cambridge, England, where she died in 1968.

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Why can we say that Meitner's career was illustrious and productive?

1. ... because she was concerned with the study of thermal conductivity in non-homogeneous bodies.

2.... because she was measuring and analysing radioactivity.

3.... because she published more than 135 scientific papers.

ВАРИАНТ №4

I. Перепишіть наступні речення, підкресліть в кожному з них дієслово-присудок та визначте видочасову форму та стан. Перекладіть речення на українську мову.

1. For very low temperatures gases are the only substances that can be used.

2. The visible side of the moon has been studied ever since Galileo invented the telescope.

3. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying the minds of many scientists.

4. Many compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.

1. The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom.

2. The event described above is not a natural process.

3. Workers are building a new laboratory for our institute.

4. While bombarding the upper layers of the atmosphere, cosmic rays reach the surface of the earth.

1. Heat can be divided into three different types.

2.Chemical means had to be used for the separation of compounds into their elements.

3. A great number of plastics should find their applications in the electrical industry.

4. These measures implemented by the government may raise the standard of living.

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SADI CARNOT

1. Sadi Carnot was born in 1796 in Paris. His father was a distinguished general, minister of war under Napoleon and investigator. Sadi's younger brother was a journalist and a radical politician. His nephew was president of the French Republic from 1887 until 1894. Sadi Carnot himself entered history as a physicist who in 1824 founded the science of thermodynamics with his analysis of an ideal heat engine.

2. In 1812 Sadi was enrolled in the Polytechnical School where many brilliant people were trained. Among them were Lagrange, Fourier, Ampere, Gay-Lussac. Clapeyron, etc.

3. Not much is known of Carnot's character. He was described as being reserved. He had an extreme sensibility and great energy though he was of delicate constitution.

4. In June 1832 he got ill with scarlet fever and then brain fever. On August 24, at the age of 36, he died in a cholera epidemic. As was commonly done with victims of cholera, he was buried with all his papers and things. A few fragments of Carnot's notebooks have survived. Today most engineers and scientists are familiar with his work not through his own writings but through the commentaries of Clapeyron, Clausius. and Thomson (who later became Lord Kelvin).

5. In his work Carnot tried to determine whether there was a limit on the motive power of heat in steam engine. He described an ideal cycle for a heat engine. With his cycle Carnot introduced a fundamental thermodynamic concept of reversibility. As the laws of thermodynamics were not known at his time and his predictions were confirmed and developed by other scientists, he is regarded as the founder of the science of thermodynamics.

What did Carnot describe in his work?

1. ... an extreme sensibility and great energy.

2. ... his extraordinary family.

4. ... an ideal cycle for a heat engine.

ВАРІАНТ №5

1. As a rule one great discovery is followed by numerous others.

2.This block of flats was being built, when we came to the city.

3.І haven't translated the article yet.

4. Engineers found that the application of synthetic materials had greatly improved the quality of the product made.

1. Matter consists of one or a number of basic elements occurring in nature.

2. When heated to a certain temperature, this alloy increases in volume.

3. At the entrance you will be met by a man holding a folded newspaper.

4. All the roads leading to the centre of the city were blocked by trucks.

1. We can think of heat as a special form of kinetic energy.

2. A computer should solve complicated problems many millions of times faster than a mathematician.

3. Thermometers are able to measure the exact temperature of different bodies.

4. Some new pollutants may kill all of us.

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