ВІКІСТОРІНКА
Навигация:
Інформатика
Історія
Автоматизація
Адміністрування
Антропологія
Архітектура
Біологія
Будівництво
Бухгалтерія
Військова наука
Виробництво
Географія
Геологія
Господарство
Демографія
Екологія
Економіка
Електроніка
Енергетика
Журналістика
Кінематографія
Комп'ютеризація
Креслення
Кулінарія
Культура
Культура
Лінгвістика
Література
Лексикологія
Логіка
Маркетинг
Математика
Медицина
Менеджмент
Металургія
Метрологія
Мистецтво
Музика
Наукознавство
Освіта
Охорона Праці
Підприємництво
Педагогіка
Поліграфія
Право
Приладобудування
Програмування
Психологія
Радіозв'язок
Релігія
Риторика
Соціологія
Спорт
Стандартизація
Статистика
Технології
Торгівля
Транспорт
Фізіологія
Фізика
Філософія
Фінанси
Фармакологія


Theme I The Subject, Tasks and Main Notions of Stylistic

Theme I The Subject, Tasks and Main Notions of Stylistic

Lecture 2 Stylistic Expressive Means and

Stylistic Devices

Stylistic expressive means in speech and in context.

Stylistic devices in speech and context

The notion of image

The main aspects of stylistic analysis

 

Stylistic expressive means in speech and in context.

. Expressive means of a language are those phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic units and forms which make speech emphatic. Expressive means introduce connotational (stylistic, non-denotative) meanings into utterances.

 

Phonetic expressive means include pitch, melody, stresses, pauses, whispering, singing, and other ways of using human voice.

 

Morphological expressive means are emotionally coloured suffixes of diminutive nature: -y (-ie), -let (sonny, auntie, girlie, streamlet). The range of emotional suffixes is much wider in synthetic languages than in English.

Compare the following:

Suffix Ukrainian language Russian language
  words words
- OK дубок, деньок дубок, денек
- UK коник домик
- иця, - ица водиця водица
- ичка водичка водичка
- ечка пічечка печечка
- очка сіточка сеточка
- инка сніжинка снежинка
- очок дубочок дубочок
- ечка книжечка книжечка
- ечко словечко словечко

 

To lexical expressive meansbelong words, possessing connotations, such as epithets, poetic and archaic words, slangy words, vulgarisms, and interjections. A chain of expressive synonymic words always contains at least one neutral synonym.

For example, the neutral word money has the following stylistically coloured equivalents:

ackers (slang), cly (jargon) cole (jargon), gelt (jargon),

moo (amer. slang), moolah (amer. slang), mopus (slang), oof (slang),

pelf (bookish), rliino (conversat. ), spondulicks (amer. slang), cash (conversat. )

, boot (slang), brads (conversat. ), chuck (amer. slang), lettuce (slang),

lolly (slang), ante (slang), bread (slang), dumps (conversat. ), beens (slang), blunt (slang), crap (slang), dough (conver- sal.), etc.

A chain of expressive synonyms used in a single utterance creates the effect of climax (gradation):

"Знову дзвеніли, бриніли, сурмили комарі, допікали, дошкулювали, діймали, жерли, гризли" (Ю. Яновський).

Тоsyntactic expressive means belong emphatic syntactic constructions. Such constructions stand in opposition to their neutral equivalents. The neutral sentence "John went away" may be replaced by the following expressive variants:

"Away went John" (stylistic inversion), "John did go away" (use of the emphatic verb "to do"), "John went away, he did" (emphatic confirmation pattern),

"It was John who went away" ("It is he who does it" pattern).

 

Compare: «Это знают все» (neutral) = «Все это знают!» (exclamatory) = «Кто же этого не знает?» (rhetorical).

A number of Russian and Ukrainian expressive syntactic structures have no identical equivalents in English.

It concerns impersonal sentences, denoting natural phenomena and physical conditions of living beings

(Темнеет. Вечереет. Петру не спится. Что-то гнетет), infinitival sentences (Быть беде! Не быть тебе моим мужем! К кому обратиться за помощью?), generalized- personal statements (Что посеешь, то и пожнешь. С кем поведешься, от того и наберешься).

Stylistic devices in speech and context

. Stylistic devices (tropes, figures of speech) unlike expressive means are not language phenomena. They are formed in speech and most of them do not exist out of context.

According to principles of their formation, stylistic devices are grouped into phonetic, lexico-semantic and syntactic types

Basically, all stylistic devices are the result of revaluation of neutral words, word-combinations and syntactic structures. Revaluation makes language units obtain connotations and stylistic value. A stylistic device is the subject matter of stylistic semasiology.

Figures of speech or rhetorical devices are present in all cultures. It seems that it is in the very nature of linguistic discourse for speakers to act creatively. Indeed, it is that creativity in language use which ultimately divides language use in humans and animals.

A child begins to be creative by using various figures of speech at the very beginning of the acquisition process.

Words such as 'bang', 'smack', 'moo', and 'baa' are all onomatopoeic figures of speech common to a child's early vocabulary.

 

It is useful to contemplate a continuum of which the two opposites are literal and non-literal in terms of linguistic expression. We could envisage a statement of fact towards one extreme and a metaphor towards the other.

 

The statement of fact might beThis is a wooden door.

An example of a metaphor might beThe sunshine of your smile.

These two utterances comprise five words each, yet the metaphor says much more than the factual statement. Not only does it say more but it speaks of vast and abstract elements such as love, the sun, gesture, happiness, human warmth, pleasure and possibly more.

Figures of speech are often used to express abstract emotional or philosophical concepts. The figure of speech attaches the abstract concept to a material object and thus is instrumental in creating powerful and dynamic communication.

Original figures of speech are valued in both speech and in writing. We respect the ability to generate these. Politicians for instance often use figures of speech, and are variously successful with this practice.

 

Churchill's image of 'the iron curtain' has stayed with us for over fifty years, although the phenomenon it described no longer exists.

'The cold war' superseded it, during which it was the threat of someone 'pressing the button' which was on everyone's mind.

 

The 'rhetorical question' is a figure of speech favoured by politician and lay person alike. It is a powerful device because, although it has the appearance of being a question, it often acts as a form of persuasion or criticism.

 

'Is our country in danger of becoming a hot-bed of sleaze?' we might hear a politician ask

.'Are we going to stand by and let these atrocities continue?'

Listening to our car radio we might mentally frame an answer to this kind of question — or at least we might be drawn into contemplating the issue.

At a more domestic level we might be asked 'What time do you call this?' or

'How many times have I told you ...?'

 

These are questions which actively discourage any answer. They are a form of rebuke which is an established ritual. As competent language users, we know them and participate in the ritual — by not answering, or responding to the 'real' (unstated) criticism.

Another figure of speech which spans the social spectrum is the cliché. These are often derided, and the word itself has become a pejorative term. However, the cliché is very much 'alive and kicking', especially in the context of football.

 

'Over the moon' about a result and 'gutted'

 

to hear the news, are just two such figures of speech heard almost daily over the popular media.

The cliché proves its function by its prolific use. Perhaps it is its overuse, or its application in inappropriate contexts which may cause distaste.

 

The notion of image

Figures of speech are also known as images. This indicates their function well. The outcome of using them is that the listener or the reader receives a multi-dimensional communication.

Lewis Carroll coined the term 'portmanteau' for words which are packed with layers of meaning. Although Carroll's usage is slightly different from that of figures of speech, it does illustrate that we have a strong drive as language users to convey meaning colourfully and economically.

Image is a certain picture of the objective world, a verbal subjective description of this or another person, event, occurrence, sight made by the speaker with the help of the whole set of expressive means and stylistic devices.

Images are created to produce an immediate impression to human sight, hearing, sense of touch or taste.

When you look in a mirror, you see an image. You see a likeness of yourself. When you use a camera and take a picture of your girlfriend Masha in a flowered hat, the photograph you develop is an image of Masha.

If you look at this photograph twenty years later, you will see an image of what Masha used to be like.

You might ask a renowned painter to paint your portrait in oils. The picture he paints is an image of you. It may not be exactly like you.

He may paint your nose bent round a bit the wrong way, or he may not capture the attractiveness and mystery of your green eyes. He may give you a figure of a kolobok, though you have always thought of yourself as slim and lithe.

He has painted you as he sees you. He has put on to canvas his image of you. Perhaps he has tried to convey in his picture not only your physical likeness but also something of your inner character: how greedy or scandalous you are, for example.

The same with words. Instead of painting you in oils, someone may prefer to paint you in words.

If you really are greedy, untidy and have no table manners at all, you may one day find, at your table in the exclusive restaurant where you often dine, written on a small white card, the terse message: YOU'RE A PIG. It will be your image, created by a metaphor. You are not a pig, of course, even though your table manners are dreadful. What the writer means is that you eat like a pig. You are like a pig in this one respect. And your verbal image created on the card will possibly help you to understand it.

Image is the matter of stylistic analysis.

Stylistic Devices

The notion of image

The notion of image

Figures of speech are also known as images. This indicates their function well. The outcome of using them is that the listener or the reader receives a multi-dimensional communication.

Lewis Carroll coined the term 'portmanteau' for words which are packed with layers of meaning. Although Carroll's usage is slightly different from that of figures of speech, it does illustrate that we have a strong drive as language users to convey meaning colourfully and economically.

Image is a certain picture of the objective world, a verbal subjective description of this or another person, event, occurrence, sight made by the speaker with the help of the whole set of expressive means and stylistic devices.

Images are created to produce an immediate impression to human sight, hearing, sense of touch or taste.

When you look in a mirror, you see an image. You see a likeness of yourself. When you use a camera and take a picture of your girlfriend Masha in a flowered hat, the photograph you develop is an image of Masha.

If you look at this photograph twenty years later, you will see an image of what Masha used to be like.

You might ask a renowned painter to paint your portrait in oils. The picture he paints is an image of you. It may not be exactly like you.

He may paint your nose bent round a bit the wrong way, or he may not capture the attractiveness and mystery of your green eyes. He may give you a figure of a kolobok, though you have always thought of yourself as slim and lithe.

He has painted you as he sees you. He has put on to canvas his image of you. Perhaps he has tried to convey in his picture not only your physical likeness but also something of your inner character: how greedy or scandalous you are, for example.

The same with words. Instead of painting you in oils, someone may prefer to paint you in words.

If you really are greedy, untidy and have no table manners at all, you may one day find, at your table in the exclusive restaurant where you often dine, written on a small white card, the terse message: YOU'RE A PIG. It will be your image, created by a metaphor. You are not a pig, of course, even though your table manners are dreadful. What the writer means is that you eat like a pig. You are like a pig in this one respect. And your verbal image created on the card will possibly help you to understand it.

Image is the matter of stylistic analysis.

Theme I The Subject, Tasks and Main Notions of Stylistic

© 2013 wikipage.com.ua - Дякуємо за посилання на wikipage.com.ua | Контакти