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Managing mites in the apple integrated pest management program
Our integrated pest management program for apples depends largely on a miticide (акарицид) to suppress mites until the Stethorus punctum population reaches levels high enough to regulate the mite population below economic injury levels. This black ladybird beetle is a voracious predator of European red mites. By conserving Stethorus in their orchards, growers in much of Pennsylvania often can reduce the number of pesticide applications to control mites. To use this beetle, several practices must be followed: • Pesticides that are toxic to the beetle should be avoided . • The alternate row middle pesticide application method is recommended, but certain conditions will dictate the use of complete sprays. These conditions include extremely high mite pressure, use of a pesticide of questionable efficacy, and weather conditions conducive to a rapid increase in the mite population. • The population densities of the mites and the beetles must be known in order to determine if the beetle population is sufficient to overcome the mite population or if the aid of a miticide is needed. Stethorus adults emerge from overwintering sites in and around orchards between the half-inch green and petal (пелюсток) fall stages of apple development and quickly move into the trees to begin feeding on overwintered mite eggs. As foliage develops on the fruit trees and mites begin to hatch and disperse onto the leaves, the beetles follow to feed on these motile mites. * * * * * 1. What weather favors the European red mite activities? 2. When do the European red mite eggs begin to hatch? 3. What damage do European red mites make for orchard trees? 4. What is the main European red mite predator? 5. What practices must be followed to use the black ladybird beetle in orchards? 6. How do black ladybird beetles contribute to control of red mites?
GRAMMAR EXERCISES I. Put up four questions of different types (general, special, disjunctive, alternative) to each sentence.
Model: A decisive factor for securing yields is the protection of agricultural cultures. 1) Is the protection of agricultural cultures a decisive factor for securing yields? 2) What is a decisive factor for securing yields? 3) A decisive factor for securing yields is the protection of agricultural cultures, isn’t it? 4) Is the protection of agricultural cultures a decisive factor for securing yields or not?
1. Every year millions of tons of produce are lost. 2. Bacteria, unlike higher organisms, consist of a single cell only. 3. Bacteria multiply by simple fission. 4. Some bacteria penetrate deeper into the tissue. 5. Insects also act as carriers of bacteria. 6. Efficient drainage of the soil helps in checking diseases.
II. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate form and explain the usage of that form in the sentence.
1. This black ladybird beetle (to be) a voracious predator of European red mites. 2. Mite predators (to distribute) generally in commercial apple orchards. 3. Eight to 10 generations (to occur) during the year.4. The first generation (to require) approximately three weeks to develop. 5. Overwintering eggs (to lay) in groups on roughened bark. 6.Hot, dry weather (to favor) development, while cool, wet weather (to delay) mite activities. 7. The mite (to introduce) into North America from Europe in the early 1900s.
III. Make the sentences of the exercise II negative. General Botany 1 tree 2 bole (tree trunk, trunk, stem) 3 crown of tree (crown) 4 top of tree (treetop) 5 bough (limb, branch) 6 twig (branch) 7 bole (tree trunk) [cross section] 8 bark (rind) 9 phloem (bast sieve tissue, inner fibrous bark) 10 cambium (cambium ring) 11 medullary rays (vascular rays, pith rays) 12 sapwood (sap, alburnum) 13 heartwood (duramen) 14 pith 15 plant Root 16 primary root 17 secondary root 18 root hair Shoot (sprout) 19 leaf 20 stalk 21 side shoot (offshoot) 22 terminal bud 23 flower 24 flower bud 25 leaf axil with axillary bud 26 leaf 27 leaf stalk (petiole) 28 leaf blade (blade, lamina) 29 venation (veins, nervures, ribs) 30 midrib (nerve) 31-38 leaf shapes 31 linear 32 lanceolate 33 orbicular (orbiculate) 34 acerose (acerous, acerate, acicular, needle-shaped) 35 cordate 36 ovate 37 sagittate 38 reniform Compound leaves 39 digitate (digitated, palmate, quinduefoliolate) 40 pinnatifid 41 abruptly pinnate 42 odd-pinnate Leaf margin shapes 43 entire 44 serrate (serrulate, saw-toothed) 45 doubly toothed 46 crenate 47 dentate 48 sinuate 49 ciliate (ciliated) 50 cilium 51 flower 52 flower stalk (flower stem, scape) 53receptacle (floral axis, thalamus, torus) 54 ovary 55 style 56 stigma 57 stamen 58 sepal 59 petal 60 ovary and stamen [section] 61 ovary wall 62 ovary cavity 63 ovule 64 embryo sac 65 pollen 66 pollen tube Inflorescences 67 spike (racemose spike) 68 raceme (simple raceme) 69 panicle 70 cyme 71 spadix (fleshy spike) 72 umbel (simple umbel) 73 capitulum 74 composite head (discoid flower head) 75 hollow flower head 76 bostryx (helicoid cyme) 77 cincinnus (scorpioid cyme, curled cyme) 78-82 roots 78 adventitious roots 79 tuber (tuberous root, swollen taproot) 80 adventitious roots (aerial roots) 81 root thorns 82 pneumatophores Blade of grass 83 leaf sheath 84 ligule (ligula) 85 leaf blade (lamina) 86 embryo (seed, germ) 87 cotyledon (seed leaf, seed lobe) 88 radicle 89 hypocotyl 90 plumule (leaf bud) Fruits 91-96 dehiscent fruits 91 follicle 92 legume (pod) 93 silio.ua (pod) 94 schizocarp 95 pyxidium (circumscissile seed vessel) 96 poricidal capsule (porose capsule) Indehiscent fruits 97 berry 98 nut 99 drupe (stone fruit) (cherry) 100 aggregate fruit (compound fruit) (rose hip) 101 aggregate fruit (compound fruit) (raspberry) 102 pome (apple) Arable Crops |
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