Persuasive, brave, creative, patient, intelligent, polite, accurate, fair, friendly

1.Salespeople need to be … to get people to buy their products.

2.A scientist has to be … in order to understand complex theories.

3.Receptionists should be … in order to make people feel welcome.

4.Surgeons must be very … as they should not make mistakes in their work.

5.A shop assistant has to be … even when dealing with a rude customer.

6.Lifeguards have to be … as they often find themselves in dangerous situations.

7.Teachers need to be very … as students sometimes take a long time to learn things.

8.Judges should be … and give all the evidence equal consideration.

EXERCISES

1.Use the correct tense forms of the verbs given in brackets and retell the stories.

A.

A young housewife (to be) very fond of window-shopping. When her husband (to leave) for his office she (to run) to the neighbouring department store, and (to visit) every department of it, but (to take) care not to spend a single penny.

One day the salesman of a department (to ask) her: “You (to shop) here, madam?” “Certainly, I (to be),” the young woman (to answer) angrily. “What else you (to think) I (to do) here?” “Well, madam, I (to think) you (to take) an inventory.”

B.

A railroad ticket collector who (to retire) after forty-fife years of service (to talk) to his neighbours about the bright side of his work. He decidedly (to enjoy) everything: his fellow workers, the management, the work itself. There (to be) only one unpleasant thing in all of it. And when the neighbours (to be) curious to know what the unpleasant thing (to be), he (to say), “Oh, the passengers, certainly the passengers.”

C.

Once a mother and her two daughters (to visit) London. They (to do) sightseeing for some time when they (to find) themselves opposite a notice board with “National Picture Gallery” on it. The girl (to say) they (to want) to go in for they never (to be) in any picture gallery. They (to be sure) it (to be) worth seeing. But the mother (not to think) so. She (to visit) a picture gallery in her childhoodand (to know) what it (to be) like. She (to explain) to the girls that they (not to see) there any real pictures (movies) but paintings, only paintings.

2.Use the following in the Reported Speech and reproduce the jokes.

A.

- When do you intend to pay me back the money you have borrowed, sir?

- Oh, presently, dear uncle! I will do it directly I get the money from the publishing house.

- When will you get it, I would like to know?

- I will certainly get it as soon as the publisher accepts my novel.

- Do you think he will accept your novel, young man?

- No doubt he will when I finish it.

- Are you going to finish it soon, my boy?

- Of course I am. I will begin to write it the moment I have found a suitable subject and the necessary inspiration.

B.

The Bidwells are giving a party. Mrs. Bidwell wants to introduce Mr. Irving, a young film producer, to her friend, an exceptionally nice-looking young girl.

Mrs. Bidwell: May I introduce Mr. Irving to you, Nelly?

Mr. Irving: How do you do. Glad to meet you.

Nelly: How do you do.

Mrs. Bidwell: Mr. Irving has just come back from Vienna film festival. He will tell you a lot about it.

Nelly: So, you have been to Vienna. You saw there the most beautiful women in the world, I am sure.

Mr. Irving: I thought so yesterday, but I have just changed my mind.

3.Use the verbs in the following sentences in the Passive Voice.

1.The English people always eat Christmas pudding on Christmas Day. 2.On holiday eves people usually remember their friends and relatives and send cards to them. 3.“Mr. Harris is going to sing a comic song now,” said the hostess. 4.They first played table tennis about in 1880. 5.At the beginning of the nineteenth century people considered the creation of more universities to be either necessary or desirable. 6.Shakespeare in his works made full use of the great resources of the English literature. 7.Shakespeare’s poetry has long delighted and will delight lovers of literature of the whole world. 8.People still know and sing some of the songs composed by Henry VIII.

4.Use the correct tense and voice forms of the verbs given in brackets.

1.Many famous pictures (to leave) to our galleries at various times. 2.She (to tell) me what she (to see) at the village fair that afternoon. 3.The National Gallery inLondon (to erect) between 1832 and 1838. 4.The custom of giving postmen Christmas boxes (to die) now but (not to disappear). 5.The size of the collection of the museum (to increase) recently by generous gifts. 6.While Tom (to ride) the horse, his hat ( to blow off). 7.They never (to hear) such strange and beautiful language and very (to astonish). 8.The doctor (to say) she (to be) still very weak, because she (to lose) much blood, but he (to hope) that she (to be) well in a few days. 9. “ I (to sit) at the window and (to tell) you what (to happen) outside?” asked Michael. 10.Christmas Day (to celebrate) at the hotel with suitable ceremonies, but it (to look upon) as no more than a rehearsal for New Year.

5.Underline the correct verb form.

1.If I (see/ will see) Mike I (will tell/tell) him everything.

2.If she (changed/would change) her job she (earned/would earn) more.

3.If Jane (had studied/studied) more she (passed/would have passed) her exams.

4.If Mike (receives/has received) the telegram I am sure he (phones/will phone) you tomorrow.

5.If you (worked/had worked) more, you (were/would be) a student now.

6.If I (lived/would live) in Spain I (did/would do) a lot of sunbathing.

7.If I (met/had met) you earlier I (didn’t marry/wouldn’t have married) Betty.

8.If you (phone/will phone) me I (pick/will pick) you up.

9.If I (stay/will stay) late I always (get/will get) a taxi home.

10.If she (loved/had loved) him she (stayed/would have stayed) with Bob.

6.Change the sentences using I wish.

1.She couldn’t be there. ___________________

2.I did not wash up yesterday. ___________________

3.He doesn’t have enough time to study. ___________________

4.They didn’t come to the party. ___________________

5.You didn’t go to Disneyland when you were in Paris. _________________

6.You spent much money shopping yesterday.___________________

Topical Vocabulary

1.Remember the following words and word combinations:

2.Read and translate the text paying attention to the active words and word combinations.

AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE

Due to favourable climatic conditions Ukraine is traditionally an agricultural area. It grows wheat, maize, buckwheat and other corn, different kinds of fruit and vegetables. The great part of land here is used for cattle raising and dairy farming.

Our Ukrainian village is reoriented towards the market economy. Great changes have taken place in our agriculture. In December 1999 a new presidential decree was adopted to support agriculture. According to the State Statistics Committee 86 per cent of Ukraine’s collective farms incurred great losses and only 15 per cent of them posted profits. That’s why the decree called for reorganizing collective farms into private agricultural enterprises. The workers could use their allotments to organize private farms or agricultural cooperatives.

According to the form of ownership there are the following types of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine.

An individual enterprise is based on the private ownership and labour of its founder. The hired labour is not used here.

Family enterprise is based on the ownership and labour of the members of the family that live together. In agriculture the family enterprise functions in the form of farms.

Private enterprise is based on the ownership of one or more citizens of Ukraine and has the right to hire wage workers. Most of all such enterprises have been spread in the sphere of food processing and food production.

Collective enterprises are based on the ownership and labour of the collective of the enterprise. Economic companies are spread in Ukraine most of all. They include joint-stock companies, Ltd companies, companies with additional responsibility, full companies.

Combined enterprises are based on joining up (association) of property of different owners and organised with the help of foreign investments together with foreign companies.

Any agricultural enterprise can be described as an area of land with the buildings (farms) on it, which are used for keeping different kinds of livestock and poultry. The name of the farm depends on the class of livestock or poultry kept on it. There are different kinds of farms. For example:

A pig farm is a farm where a large number of piglets and sows are kept in huts or pens.

A cattle farm is a farm where a large number of cows and bulls are kept for milk and meat. Barnyards, paddocks and open pens provide places for animals to exercise and secure fresh air. Animals are fed from suitable racks preventing wasting the feed.

A battery farm is a farm where hens, chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese are kept in batteries.

Poultry farm is a farm where different kinds of poultry are kept in yards.

3.Answer the questions:

1.What is grown in our country?

2.What changes took place in the agriculture of Ukraine in 1999?

3.How can the agricultural enterprises be subdivided according to the form of ownership?

4.What agricultural enterprise has the right to hire wage workers?

5.What agricultural enterprise doesn’t use the hired labour?

6.What agricultural enterprises are organised with the help of foreign investments?

7.What kinds of farms do you know?

4.Match two parts to make true sentences.

5.Speak about the types of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine.

READING

Text A. The Agrarian Policy in Ukraine.

1.Read and translate the following text.

According to the data of expert and analytical agencies the reform in agriculture is the essential condition of overcoming the crisis in the Ukrainian economy. Describing the situation we may say that today the agriculture of Ukraine and the national economy on the whole are in a lamentable condition. Virtually the present-day agricultural complex of Ukraine presents a rather depressing picture. There are a lot of high-flown words about building a controlled market economy but in fact we have no real agricultural reform. This is the corner stone, which determines the real progress in the sphere of agriculture. And this progress may be attained only under the presence of a deliberate legislative base and a sufficient amount of investments.

Following the principle of necessity of the drastic changes the Government and the Supreme Council took some measures in the frame work of improving the situation. Having combined the efforts they created and adopted a number of laws aimed to advantage the agriculture. Among them we can point out a new project of Landed code, Act of lease, the privatization of property in agrarian-industrial complex, Act of the priority of social development of village, Act of the single tax and debt restructuring in farm enterprises. Through these laws the peasants received the sound title to land and the right to dispose of products of their labour, besides the amount of tax was reduced due to the Act of the single tax. But despite the taken measures there is still a decline in the agrarian sector. It can be explained by the dominating role of collective land use. The experience of other countries – the former republics of the USSR – shows that the conditions for economic growth were created only in the countries with the individual land tenure system (Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia).

The experts consider that antirecession policy should include the admittance of free bargain and sale of agricultural land, the extension of the possibility of its lease and land lien. The creation of legal and administrative possibilities for those members of the collective farms who want a private land share and introduction of the temporary program of state support for the individual farmers are also very important.

2.Find in the text the equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

плачевний стан, високі слова, досягати, виважений, достатня кількість, радикальні зміни, в рамках, Закон про оренду, єдиний податок, реструктуризація боргів, законне право, система індивідуальної власності на землю, договір про купівлю-продаж, оренда, застава.

Text B. Ownership and Management in the British Agriculture

1.Read and translate with the help of dictionary.

Agriculture occupies 77 per cent of Britain’s land area, which is farmed under many different arrangements. Around 66 per cent is owner occupied and about a third is rented. However, within the regions there are some significant variations. In Northern Ireland, for example, virtually all farms are owner occupied and they also account for around 80 per cent of the area farmed in Wales.

Much of Britain is family farmed, sometimes running into several generations on the same land, which perpetuates a strong sense of tradition. In Wales, the country’s own language and culture bind rural communities even more strongly.

Institutions are also major landowners, among which the largest include the Crown (more than 101,000 hectares), the Church, the Ministry of Defence, and some pension funds and insurance companies which maintain a small agricultural portfolio among their property investments. Most of the land owned by these funds is tenanted.

The future of agricultural tenancies is under review in England and Wales. In the 1970s and 1980s, full agricultural tenancies entitled the tenant to three-generation succession, so that a farm would often be in the hands of the same tenant family for 100 years or more.

In 1984, the Agricultural Holdings Act cut this to one generation only, but landowners are still reluctant to release control of their farms so long.

There has been rapid increase in other types of less formal arrangements, allowing the owner to control of his land but have it farmed by someone else. They have enabled many individuals to increase the area they farm, and have also given rise to considerable opportunities for farming companies, which may farm thousands of hectares all over Britain and whose scale of operation enables low costs and a good return to the landowner.

It is estimated by land agents that informal arrangements could now account for around 10 per cent of farmed land in England and Wales. The reform of complex agricultural tenancy legislation will allow greater freedom for people who wish to negotiate their own arrangements for whatever period they wish, within a legal framework that gives some essential safeguards to each party.

In Northern Ireland, over 20 per cent of the agricultural area is subject to the well-established practice of letting land for periods of 11 months.

2.Render the text in English.

TALKING POINTS

1.Read, translate and act out the following dialogue.

- Hello, Max. Haven’t seen you for ages.

- Hi. Glad to see you, Stas. How’s business?

- Not bad. And what about you? What have you been doing since graduation from the University?

- Having got my diploma I came back to my native village and since that time I’ve been working at the agrarian enterprise as an economist.

- Is it a private one?

- No, it’s a collective enterprise reorganised from the former local collective farm.

- What does it specialise in?

- Our joint stock company specialises in growing grains and raising dairy cattle.

- How is it managed, I wonder?

- The enterprise is managed by the Board and the chairman. Day-to-day management is determined by a Directorate.

- What about the wages?

- Wages are paid regularly, farmers are directly dependent on how much they produce and how many shares they own.

2.Work in pairs. Discuss with your partner the ways which determine the real progress in the sphere of agriculture. (Use text A “Agrarian Policy of Ukraine”).

Додаток

ТАБЛИЦЯ НЕПРАВИЛЬНИХ ДІЄСЛІВ

Text 1.Classes of Animals

1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

The ordinary farm animals belong to the large group known as Vertebrata, or animals with a backbone. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all have a backbone. All of these animals do not suckle their young, but the ordinary farm animals do, and hence they are classified as Mammalia. ( Mamma is the Latin word for breast). The capability to produce milk is one of the three main classes: herbivorous, carnivorous and omnivorous.

Herbivorous animals are those that live chiefly on plants. These are: cattle, deer, horses, sheep and rabbits. As they consume coarse foods, for example leaves and stems of plants, they need considerably larger amount of common salt than is supplied by their usual feeds. The cow, the ox, the sheep and the goat belong to the ruminants (animals which chew the cud). Unlike the pig they are capable of digesting a large quantity of coarse fibrous material due to their compound stomachs.

Carnivorous (flesh-eating animals) such as cats, dogs, sharks, etc. Need no additional salt because they live on the bodies of others animals.

Omnivorous animals, such as pigs, bears, rats and others utilize both plant and animal food.

Vocabulary:

backboneхребет

to suckleсмоктати

capabilityможливість

herbivorousтравоїдний

carnivorousплотоїдний

omnivorousвсеїдний

2.Make up questions of different types to the text.

3.Retell the text.

Text 2 Mammals

Text 3 Variety of Mammals

1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

The living members of the class mammalia are today divided into three main sub-classes, according to differences in their anatomy and the manner in which they bear their young. First are the monotremes, or egg-laying mammals, of which there are only two families. Second are the marsupials, or mammals with pouches for carrying their young, which are comparatively undeveloped, even embryonic in appearance, at birth. Third, and by far the largest group, are the placentas, mammals whose young grow and develop within the mother’s body, nourished by means of an organ known as the placenta, which forms a connecting link with her own blood stream. These three major divisions developed very early in mammalian history and each of them evolved thereafter quite independently of the others.

But these three main divisions are just the beginning. Living mammals are further divided into 18 smaller groups or orders.

Vocabulary:

marsupialсумчатий

pouchсумка, мішок

to nourishживити, годувати

to evolveрозвивати(ся), еволюціонувати

2.Make up questions of different types to the text.

3.Retell the text.

Text 4Farm Animals

1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Farm animals are important to man because of:

1) the food they supply;

2) the clothing they make possible;

3) their use in doing work;

4) their relation to soil fertility.

Nearly all of our farm animals except horses and mules have value because they furnish human food. This is true of cattle, swine, and poultry. Farm animals furnish us with meat- pork, beef, veal, mutton; lard, milk, butter, cheese and eggs. Much of our clothing is made from the wool, hair, or skin of farm animals. Leather is made from skin.

For ages animals have been used by man in doing his work. Horses and mules are principal work animals; oxen are also sometimes used for work. Much of the work of these animals goes into the producing of crops.

Two thousand years ago the farmer learned that he must keep up the fertility of this soil if he expected to have good yields of crops; so he used the manure from farm animals. Except in some great river valleys, like the Nile, which are enriched by overflow, no agricultural region has continued to secure abundant harvests without the aid of manure. As a rule, where the farmers keep the most livestock, the crops are the best. As much as 80 or 85 per cent of the plant food elements in a feed are returned in the manure. Manure also makes the soil porous and easily worked.

Vocabulary:

fertilityродючий

to furnishпостачати, доставляти

abundantнадмірний

aidціль

manureгній

livestockхудоба

porousпористий

2.Make up questions of different types to the text.

3.Retell the text.

Text 5. The Cow

1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

The cow belongs to the class of ruminants. Its value as a domestic animal consists in its ability to consume and digest large quantities of roughage and to convert it into milk and meat for human food.

The cow’s stomach, which is a compound one, has four distinct compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. The stomachs of mature cows vary in capacity from 25 to 60 gallons (150 to 300 pounds) depending on the size of the animal.

To produce a large supply of rich milk, cows must be not only well fed but also be of good milking qualities. The cows that are producing milk require a much larger quantity of water than is necessary for growing animals. The period of gestation in cows is about 40 weeks. The lactation period is the period of milking after each calf and it usually lasts for about ten months.

The first milk after calving is called colostrum, and it has a necessary laxative action on the calf’s stomach. Dairy cows are milked three times a day and watered twice a day. In summer the consumption of water by cattle is greater on account of the greater evaporation from the skin.

Vocabulary:

ruminantжуйна тварина

to digestперетравлювати(сь)

roughageгрубий корм

to convertперетворювати(сь)

rumenрубець (перший відділ шлунку жуйних)

reticulumсітка (другий відділ шлунку жуйних)

omasumкнижка (третій відділ шлунку жуйних)

abomasumсечуг (четвертий відділ шлунку жуйних)

gestationвагітність

colostrumмолозиво

consumptionспоживання, витрата

evaporationвипарювання, паротворення

2.Make up questions of different types to the text.

3.Retell the text.

Text 6. The Pig

1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Pig is a common name given to the domestic swine of any age. Hog is used collectively with much the same meaning as pig, hog being generally used in the U. S. and pig usually referring to the young animal. Swine is applied to any hoofed animal of the family Suidae.

The origin of the pig is shrouded in mystery. A Chinese scholar estimated his people domesticated swine about 2900 B.C. The pig was used as a scavenger before it was discovered that the flesh was good to eat.

The Chinese hog was brought to Europe and crossed with European hogs, thereby forming the foundation for present-day breeds. The pig belongs to the class Mammalia, or animals possessing teats for suckling their young. Pigs are rotund-bodied, short-legged, artiodactyl animals of omnivorous habits, having thick skin from which grow short, coarse bristles, a long mobile snout, small tail and feet with two functional and two nonfunctional digits. A mature pig has 44 teeth, carries its head low, and eats, drinks and breathes close to the ground.

Vocabulary:

hogсвиня, кабан

swineсвиня

hoofкопита

to shroudобкутувати

scholarвчений

artiodactylпарнокопитний

scavengerтварина, яка їсть падину

descendentпотомок

snoutрило

2.Make up the questions of different types to the text.

3.Write down the annotation of the text

Text 7.The Sheep

1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Sheep belong to the Genus Ovis, and are generally grouped into: Longwools, Shortwools and Mountain sheep which have horns. Inside each group there are many well-defined breeds, and an endless variety of crosses between the different pure breeds.

Sheep are kept for the production of mutton and wool. The stomach of the sheep is three times larger than that of the pig. As the sheep and goats have a cleft upper lip, they have to graze very close to the ground. A male sheep is called a ram on whose fertility largely depends the lamb crop of the year.

An in-lamb sheep is called a ewe and a new-born- a lamb. The period of gestation in sheep lasts 21 weeks. As a rule, ewes should be healthy and vigorous, with deep, wide bodies, good teeth, healthy udders, and high-quality, dense fleece. Pregnant ewes should always have access to clean water.

Healthy lambs can withstand bad weather, provided the coat dries immediately after birth. If, because of very wet severe weather, the coat does not dry, losses even among the strong lambs may occur.

The consumption of colostrum or first milk is as important to the lamb as it is to the calf.

Vocabulary:

pregnantвагітний

hornріг

cleftрозщеплений

crossсхрещування, гібридизація

ramбаран

lambягня

eweвівцематка

vigorousсильний, енергійний

udderвим’я

denseщільний, густий

fleeceруно, овеча шерсть

2.Make up the questions of different types to the text.

3.Write down the annotation of the text.

Text 8.The Sheep (Wool Production)

1.Read and translate

the text using a dictionary.

Because of the covering of wool sheep can withstand cold temperatures better than cattle. On the one hand wool protects the sheep against bitter cold, but on the other hand owing to the wool, they become infested by ticks and other parasites which they cannot rub off. Due to that they should be dipped periodically in dilute preparations of arsenical or carbonic poisons in order to destroy the pests.

The wool hair is allied to the proteins, and like them has about 16 per cent of nitrogen. In some foreign breeds, up to 20 per cent of the whole nitrogen of the sheep may be present in its wool.

Pure wool free from grease is a protein substance containing the particular amino acid cystine in much higher proportion than do other animal and vegetable proteins. Although the quality of the wool is chiefly a matter of breed and climate, the finest grades of wool are produced in districts of very low rainfall.

It should be borne in mind that shortage of food either limits wool production or reduces its quality.

Vocabulary:

to infestзаражати, кишіти

tickкліщ

pestшкідник, паразит

poisonяд

arsenicalмиш’яковий

nitrogenазот

greaseсмалець, лій; мазати жиром

2. Make up the questions of different types to the text.

3 Write down the annotation of the text.

Text 9.Rabbit

1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

The word “ rabbit” is a recent name to the “small and thin” animal; the zoological name, Lepus, dates back to the roman Empire, and at that time it included all the Hare family. It originated in Spain, overran Italy and its environs.

Its home is in runways or burrows that it makes in the ground, usually among low lying bushes. The food of the rabbit consists of soft parts of plants, such as leaves, buds, or roots; and when it can find them it will eat vegetables and garden plants in preference to other plants.

It breeds every five weeks from March to October, and each litter has from 5 to 12 young. These young are immature and naked when born; but in the warm climates they develop so rapidly that in 5 months they are fully matured. In the colder climates, however, the maturing process takes 12 months. The elders are very careful and the loss during infancy is not great.

Vocabulary:

environокруг, оточування

budбрунька

rootкорінь

preferenceперевага

infancyраннє дитинство

burrowнора, хід

2.Make up the questions of different types to the text.

3.Write down the annotation of the text.

Text 10. Dog

1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

The dog is a domesticated wolf, and its history must be traced through the ancestors of the Carnivore. The torerunners of the wolf were present in North America nearly 15-10 million years ago, but they are not commonly found in Europe. True wolves, however, appeared in Europe 2 million years ago.

Identification of very early domestic dogs remains a complex task, but it is probable that the dog was the first animal to be domesticated by a man. These early dogs resembled the present dingo, the wild dog of Australia.

Following domestication, selective breeding produced dogs of divergent forms. The ancient Egyptions, as early as 7,000 years ago, had dogs of many distinct breeds, including the forerunners of the greyhound, mastiff, and dachshund.

Very early in its history, the dog was bred into a variety of races, or breeds, depending on climate, certain environmental directions of selection, and the preferences of its masters.

Vocabulary:

To trace простежити

ancestorпредок

forerunnerпопередник

divergentщо розходиться, відхиляється

to breedрозводити

2.Make up the questions of different types to the text.

3.Write down the annotation of the text.

Text 11. Horse